THE SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 1813–1817 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DURING THE SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON BY HENRY ADAMS VOL. III. NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS. 1921 _Copyright, 1890_ BY CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS. _Copyright, 1918_ BY CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS AND HORACE D. CHAPIN. [Illustration] CONTENTS OF VOL. III. CHAPTER PAGE I. THE MEETING AT GHENT 1 II. THE TREATY OF GHENT 24 III. CLOSE OF HOSTILITIES 54 IV. DECLINE OF MASSACHUSETTS 80 V. PEACE LEGISLATION 104 VI. RETIREMENT OF MADISON 126 VII. ECONOMICAL RESULTS 154 VIII. RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL THOUGHT 175 IX. LITERATURE AND ART 198 X. AMERICAN CHARACTER 219 LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS 243 GENERAL INDEX 245 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I. DURING the spring and summer of 1814 the task of diplomacy was less hopeful than that of arms. Brown and Izard with extreme difficulty defended the frontier; but Gallatin and Bayard could find no starting-point for negotiation. Allowed by Castlereagh’s courtesy to visit England, they crossed the Channel in April, and established themselves in London. There Gallatin remained until June 21, waiting for the British government to act, and striving with tact, caution, and persistency to bring both governments on common ground; but the attempt was hopeless. England was beside herself with the intoxication of European success.