The trade and conquests of the Arabs both brought foreign words to India and picked up and carried westward, in form more or less corrupted, words of Indian origin, some of which have in one way or other become part of the heritage of all succeeding foreigners in the East. Among terms which are familiar items in the Anglo-Indian colloquial, but which had, in some shape or other, found their way at an early date into use on the shores of the Mediterranean, we may instance _bazaar_, _cazee_, _hummaul_, _brinjaul_, _gingely_, _safflower_, _grab_, _maramut_, _dewaun_ (dogana, douane, &c.). Of others which are found in medieval literature, either West-Asiatic or European, and which still have a place in Anglo-Indian or English vocabulary, we may mention _amber_-gris, _chank_, _junk_, _jogy_, _kincob_, _kedgeree_, _fanam_, _calay_, _bankshall_, _mudiliar_, _tindal_, _cranny_. The conquests and long occupation of the Portuguese, who by the year 1540 had established themselves in all the chief ports of India and the East, have, as might have been expected, bequeathed a large number of expressions to the European nations who have followed, and in great part superseded them. We find instances of missionaries and others at an early date who had acquired a knowledge of Indian languages, but these were exceptional.[10] The natives in contact with the Portuguese learned a bastard variety of the language of the latter, which became the _lingua franca_ of intercourse, not only between European and native, but occasionally between Europeans of different nationalities. This Indo-Portuguese dialect continued to serve such purposes down to a late period in the last century, and has in some localities survived down nearly to our own day.[11] The number of people in India claiming to be of Portuguese descent was, in the 17th century, very large. Bernier, about 1660, says:— "For he (Sultan Shujā', Aurangzeb's brother) much courted all those _Portugal_ Fathers, Missionaries, that are in that Province.... And they were indeed capable to serve him, it being certain that in the kingdom of _Bengale_ there are to be found not less than eight or nine thousand families of _Franguis_, _Portugals_, and these either Natives or Mesticks." (_Bernier_, E.T. of 1684, p. 27.) A. Hamilton, whose experience belonged chiefly to the end of the same century, though his book was not published till 1727, states:— "Along the Sea-coasts the _Portuguese_ have left a Vestige of their Language, tho' much corrupted, yet it is the Language that most _Europeans_ learn first to qualify them for a general Converse with one another, as well as with the different inhabitants of _India_." (_Preface_, p. xii.) Lockyer, who published 16 years before Hamilton, also says:—