After the gloom of the Commonwealth the nation was ripe for such changes in its social life as came in with the Restoration. Newmarket, which had been deserted during the civil war and the rule of Cromwell, recovered its former position as the headquarters of racing under the patronage of Charles II. The King entered his horses in his own name, and came to see them run, residing at the King's House when he visited Newmarket. He did away with the bell as a prize, substituting a bowl or cup of the value of a hundred guineas, upon which the name and pedigree of the winner was engraved. He also devoted considerable attention to improving the English racehorse; he sent his Master of Horse abroad to purchase stallions and brood mares, principally Arabs, Barbs and Turkish horses. To these "King's mares," as they were entitled, our modern racehorse traces his descent on the dam's side. Charles II.'s love of racing was not satisfied by the meetings at Newmarket, which was not readily accessible from Windsor, and he instituted races on Datchet Mead, within sight of the castle, across the Thames. Here, as at Newmarket, he encouraged the sport by the presentation of cups and bowls. Burford Races owed the prestige they long enjoyed to the encouragement of Charles II. in 1681. Political considerations required that public attention should be diverted for the time, if possible, and to secure this end Charles had all his best horses brought from Newmarket for the occasion. The only piece of legislation that demands notice is the repeal of the laws against export, which had been on the Statute Book since Henry VII.'s reign. The prohibition was cancelled and a duty of 5s. per head imposed on every horse sent over sea. As proving the wide interest now taken in racing, the publication in 1680 of a curious little book called _The Compleat Gamester_, may be mentioned. This gives very full and minute instructions for the preparation and training of racehorses. Stage coaches and waggons increased in number during Charles II.'s reign. There is among the _Harleian Miscellany_ (vol. viii.) a tract dated 1673, in which the writer adduces several reasons for the suppression of coaches, "especially those within 40, 50, or 60 miles off London." His first reason for objecting to the coach is that it works harm to the nation "by destroying the breed of good horses, the strength of the nation, and making men careless of attaining to good horsemanship, a thing so useful and commendable in a gentleman." Charles apparently did not share this opinion; at all events, he gave countenance to the coach-building industry by founding, in 1677, the Company of Coach and Coach Harness Makers.[15] We may pass over the brief reign of James II. (1685-1688), as it was marked by nothing of importance bearing on our subject. WILLIAM III. (1689-1702).