[8] It is interesting, however, to note the following Electoral Disabilities for women in England and Wales, which, however, do not exist in Scotland or Ireland:-- No married woman can vote in any Town Council election or in any County Council election outside London. No woman owner has any right, in virtue of her ownership, to vote in any local election. Until 1894 women owners, as such, were entitled to vote in Poor Law Guardian elections, but the Local Government Act of that year disfranchised them, while enlarging the voting rights of men owners. No woman lodger can vote in any local election, although men lodgers can vote in District and Parish Council and Guardian elections, and in the election of the London County and London Borough Councils. For women there is no service franchise--such as entitles men to vote in District and Parish Council and Guardian elections, and in the election of London Borough Councils--_i.e._ no occupation of a dwelling as an official or servant (for example, as matron or caretaker) entitles a woman to be placed on the Register. For neither men nor women is there any ownership franchise, lodger franchise, or service franchise for Town Council elections or for County Council elections outside London. [9] Parsons, "The Family," p. 346. [10] Lester Ward, "Dynamic Sociology," vol. ii, p. 120. D. Appleton and Co., New York. [11] _Sanitary Record and Journal_, Nov. 24, 1904. THE PLACE OF BIOLOGY IN THE EQUIPMENT OF WOMEN BY WENONA HOSKYNS-ABRAHALL, M.A. (DUBLIN) In considering what is the best mental equipment for women in civilised countries it is as well not to contemplate only the great general facts of life, such as wifehood, motherhood, and the woman's position in the household. It is necessary to take into account also the special characteristics and circumstances of our own times and civilisation; for, unless a woman is prepared to meet these successfully, she cannot be deemed adequately equipped, even if from other points of view her education be ideal. In the beautiful old-fashioned education of Japanese women we have an instance of such ideal excellence, which is yet proving unable to cope with the requirements of actual life in modern Japan. The most striking, and also the most radical and pervasive, characteristic of our time is, of course, the progress made in scientific knowledge. Month by month enormous numbers of facts are, in every department, added to the knowledge already acquired. To let one's imagination range, even in a cursory way, over the work that is being done in chemistry and physics merely as they concern biology--to enumerate the subdivisions of these sciences, or to look down a list of recent publications relating to research carried on in them, is enough to make one's brain reel.