Burgundy's best Gothic monuments--Collegiate of Notre Dame at Semur a gem of the Burgundian school, begun about 1225--Its sculpture exceptional--Auxerre Cathedral begun in 1215, the model of Gothic churches in the province--Auxerre's sculpture and its opaline glass rank with the first--Bishop Jacques Amyot (d. 1593) restored the cathedral after the Calvinists sacked it--Cathedral of Nevers has an apse at both west and east ends (note)--Dijon, the capital of Burgundy, led in art, under its four great dukes, 1364 to 1477--Flemish-Burgundian school began modern imagery--Dijon's cathedral of St. Bénigne, formerly an abbatial, is mediocre late-XIII century--Crypt of St. Bénigne begun 1001--Oldest monument of the Romanesque renaissance--William of Volpiano, abbot of St. Bénigne, initiated the revival of architecture after the year 1000--Rebuilt Tournus abbey church (note)--Church of Notre Dame, Dijon, is a gem of Burgundian Gothic (1220-1240)--Its subtleties of construction have never been excelled. St. Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux (d. 1153), born near Dijon, the greatest son of Burgundy--His reform laid the spiritual foundations of Gothic cathedrals--His puritanic taste in architecture made Cistercian churches bare and simple--Cistercian Order, founded 1099, instrumental in spreading Gothic over Europe--St. Stephen Harding, its practical founder, welcomed St. Bernard at Citeaux in 1113--Five hundred Cistercian monasteries founded in Europe before the middle of XIII century--Spirit of St. Bernard, greatest of Cistercians, lives in the _Imitation of Christ_. X. GOTHIC ART IN NORMANDY 472 Monastic architecture best expression of Norman character--Normandy, like Burgundy, was a land of monasteries--Bernay's abbey church an ancestress of Norman Romanesque (note)--Bec Abbey, the Cluny of Normandy--Lanfranc made the school of Bec world-noted--At Bec, St. Anselm began the philosophical movement of the Middle Ages--William of Volpiano pioneer in the rebirth of architecture in the duchy--Jumièges, the first Norman church of architectural pretension, begun 1040--Only vestiges remain of St. Wandrille abbey--Caen, the Mecca of Norman Romanesque and the queen city for towers--Three good towers at St. Pierre-sur-Dives--St. Georges de Boscherville the best type of Norman Romanesque--Fécamp's Primary Gothic abbatial rose after the fire of 1169--Gothic abbatial at Eu built after the death of St. Laurence O'Toole, 1180--Mont-Saint-Michel the greatest of Norman abbeys--Its Merveille (Gothic halls), building from 1203 to 1228--Choir of Mont-Saint-Michel, the best work of Flamboyant Gothic, begun 1450. Rouen Cathedral, not local in character--Its tower of St. Romain begun in 1145--Its transept façades and Lady chapel XIV-century Rayonnant work--Abbatial of St. Ouen a gem of Rayonnant Gothic--No city richer than Rouen in Flamboyant Gothic monuments--Trial of Jeanne d'Arc at Rouen in 1431 and her Rehabilitation in 1456.