Transcriber's Note: The spelling has been harmonized. Obvious printer errors have been repaired. "Arianna" was first performed in 1608. HOW MUSIC DEVELOPED _A Critical and Explanatory Account of the Growth of Modern Music_ BY W. J. HENDERSON _Author of_ "THE STORY OF MUSIC," "PRELUDES AND STUDIES," AND "WHAT IS GOOD MUSIC?" NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY PUBLISHERS _Copyright, 1898_ BY FREDERICK A. STOKES CO. Printed in the United States of America. TO CHARLES BAMBURGH Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE I. THE BEGINNING OF MODERN MUSIC 1 II. HARMONY, NOTATION, AND MEASURE 12 III. THE BIRTH OF COUNTERPOINT 23 IV. THE GOLDEN AGE OF CHURCH COUNTERPOINT 38 V. PROGRESS OF POPULAR MUSIC 54 VI. THE SIMPLIFICATION OF MUSIC 66 VII. THE EVOLUTION OF THE PIANO 83 VIII. THE EVOLUTION OF PIANO PLAYING 101 IX. CLIMAX OF THE POLYPHONIC PIANO STYLE 116 X. MONOPHONIC STYLE AND THE SONATA 126 XI. EVOLUTION OF THE ORCHESTRA 147 XII. THE CLASSIC ORCHESTRAL COMPOSERS 158 XIII. THE ROMANTIC ORCHESTRAL COMPOSERS 171 XIV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHAMBER MUSIC 186 XV. THE BIRTH OF ORATORIO 199 XVI. WORK OF HANDEL AND BACH 208 XVII. HAYDN AND MENDELSSOHN 220 XVIII. THE BIRTH OF OPERA 234 XIX. ITALIAN OPERA TO HANDEL'S TIME 253 XX. ITALIAN OPERA TO VERDI 276 XXI. BEGINNINGS OF FRENCH OPERA 290 XXII. REFORMS OF GLUCK 312 XXIII. MEYERBEER AND HIS INFLUENCE 324 XXIV. GERMAN OPERA TO MOZART 336 XXV. WEBER AND BEETHOVEN 348 XXVI. WAGNER AND THE MUSIC DRAMA 357 XXVII. THE LESSONS OF MUSICAL HISTORY 380 * * * * * INDEX 395 How Music Developed Chapter I The Beginning of Modern Music Descent of the Roman Chant from the kithara songs of the Romans and thence from those of the Greeks--First appearance of modern melody--Steps toward the formation of a musical system--Ambrosian and Gregorian chants--Their character--Nokter Balbulus and sequences--Spread of the Roman chant--Nature of music at this period.