The Romans, among them Boethius (6th century B.C.), wrote treatises on the Greek modes, were very much interested in the theory of music, and built their scales like the Greeks. To each of the seven tones within an octave they gave the name of a planet, and to every fourth tone which was the beginning of a new tetrachord, the name of a day of the week which is named for the planet. B C D E F G A Saturn Jupiter Mars Sun Venus Mercury Moon Saturday Sunday Monday B C D E F G A Saturn Jupiter Mars Sun Venus Mercury Moon Tuesday Wednesday B C D E F G A Saturn Jupiter Mars Sun Venus Mercury Moon Thursday Friday The days of the week in French show much more clearly than in English the names of the planets, in the case of Tuesday—mardi, (Mars); Wednesday—mercredi (Mercury); Thursday—jeudi, (Jupiter); Friday—vendredi, (Venus). The Greeks brought their instrument, the _kithara_, to Rome, and with it a style of song called a _kitharoedic chant_, which was usually a hymn sung to some god or goddess. The words, until three hundred years after the birth of Jesus, were in the Greek language; the Latin kitharoedic songs like those of the poets Horace and Catullus were sung at banquets and private parties, Cicero too, was musical. [Illustration: _Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art._ _Chinese Instruments._ _Fig. 5.—Trumpets._ _Fig. 6.—Te’ch’ing—sonorous stone._ _Fig. 7.—Yang-Ch’in or Dulcimer._ ] [Illustration: _Fiddles from Arabia (Fig. 8, Rebab); Japan (Fig. 9, Kokin); Corea (Fig. 10, Haggrine) and Siam (Fig. 11, See Saw Duang)._ ] Edward MacDowell in _Critical and Historical Essays_, says that instrumental music was no longer used merely to accompany voices and had become quite independent. The flute (aulos) players performed better than the lyre and kithara players and were liked better. They played “dressed in long feminine, saffron (yellow)-colored robes, with veiled faces, and straps around their cheeks to support the muscles of the mouth.” They played with an astonishing amount of technical skill. “Even women became flute players, although this was considered disgraceful.” The prices paid to these flute players were higher than the amounts received by our opera singers. The Roman theatre, unlike the Greek, was not a place to honor their gods. Greek plays, both tragedy and comedy, were replaced with pantomime, usually accompanied by orchestra and singing. The orchestra was made up of “cymbals, gongs, castanets, foot castanets, rattles, flutes, bagpipes, gigantic lyres, and a kind of shell or crockery cymbals, which were clashed together.”