there ever having been added any growth-material from the outside. This difficulty was felt by Dr. Bastian and his fellow-experimenters; and even the stoutest upholders of Harvey’s doctrine, _omne vivum ex ovo_, as, for instance, Huxley, Haeckel, Nageli, Pflüger and Ray Lankester have not hesitated to admit the possibility of protoplasm having been synthetically derived from inanimate matter at some early period of the earth’s history, when physical conditions were very different from those of the present time and when so many things were “in the making.” Some scientists, indeed, hold that heterogenesis may even now be taking place in localities or under circumstances that are shielded from observation; and others, basing their judgment upon the triumphs of modern chemistry in the synthesis of sugar, indigo, alizarine, urea and other organic substances, think it probable that men may yet succeed in putting together a combination of matter that shall exhibit vitality as one of its attributes. The bearing of all this upon the problems dealt with in the present volume consists, of course, in the support given to the essentially physical and non-psychical nature of Life. If a comparison be now made between what has here been stated with regard to Life and what was stated in Chapter I with regard to Soul, we shall find ourselves in presence of certain marked contrasts as follows: LIFE SOUL 1. Is impersonal. It has 1. Is personal. Individual not any individualities or souls exist as separate entities idiosyncrasies. and each has its own distinguishing character. 2. Is homogeneous. It is 2. Is heterogeneous. Souls divisible into separate portions are distinct from each other only in the same sense and do not coalesce. that the same is true of heat, light, electricity, and other forms of physical energy. These various parcels coalesce when brought into contact with each other and form a whole that is uniform without any differentiation. 3. Is the organiser of matter 3. Is the employer of the and the controlling influence organs formed by Life. morphology, physiology, embryology, palæontology and ætiology of the organisms produced. 4. Is non-conscious, 4. Is conscious, perceptive, non-sensory and incapable of sensitive, emotional, intelligent, thought or memory. thinking, and mnemonic. 5. Is non-moral. It is 5. Is characterised by volition, conscienceless without any accompanied by a full knowledge of good and evil. understanding of good and Its functions are performed evil. It is capable of acting mechanically without any regard rightly and wrongly and of to what results may ensue. appreciating the results of its actions.