In cases where the sitter is markedly “psychic” and adopts the method of Expectancy it frequently happens that normal control over the body is lost. A condition of trance supervenes, and while this continues the spirit--which may be either a “second personality” or a soul from the outside--that has gained the upper hand makes use to a greater or less extent of the brain and other organs subject to its mastery. The hand may write: the mouth may speak: the whole body may be engaged in some impersonation; and all this may take place beyond the scope of the sitter’s normal consciousness. When the trance is over the sitter is not able to recall anything that has been written or said or enacted. The services of some recording observer are therefore necessary if any practical result is to be obtained. The trance condition is particularly likely to occur when the sitter, or one of the sitters, is a genuine “medium,” or, in other words, a person who either is naturally endowed with special susceptibility to psychical influences or is the habitat of two souls, normal and “subliminal” respectively. Accordingly in the majority of _séances_ with professional mediums the communications from discarnate spirits are received during trance, and take the form of script executed by the medium’s hand or words spoken by the medium. Frequently, moreover, the medium is not completely entranced but retains partial consciousness; the result being that what may be described as a dazed condition ensues, and the utterances from “the other side” become mixed with, and qualified by, various halting and imperfect statements emanating from the medium’s own mind. This is why so many of the published reports of spiritualistic _séances_ contain what appear to be merely such erroneous and ignorant remarks as might be expected from comparatively uneducated persons who have become acquainted with the tricks of a trade. And as the simulation of a partially-entranced and semi-conscious state is a very easy matter for persons who have any dramatic turn, it is often difficult to know how far a communication is genuine and how far it is inadvertently or designedly sophisticated. But if the recipients of the communication do not allow themselves to be swayed by emotion, and bring a little common sense to bear, they will find in the great majority of cases that the matter can be made clear enough for all practical purposes. 4. SIGNALLING Communication need not be confined to writing and speech. It is found that codes of signals can be arranged with discarnate spirits desirous of opening up intelligent relations with living persons.