FROM THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, N. Y. P. 40] [Illustration: TYPES OF EGYPTIAN COLUMNS BELL OR CAMPANIFORM HATHOR-HEADED LOTUS BUD: UPPER FROM BENI HASSAN P. 52] [Illustration: TEMPLE-TOMB OF RAMESES II AT ABOU-SIMBEL. P. 45] [Illustration: PLAN OF RAMESSEUM OR TEMPLE-TOMB OF RAMESES II NEAR DEIR-EL-BAHRI. SHOWING PYLONS, TWO FORECOURTS WITH COLONNADES; HYPOSTYLE HALL OR HALL OF COLUMNS, AND THE SANCTUARY AND RITUAL CHAMBERS. TYPE OF ALL EGYPTIAN TEMPLE PLANS. P. 46] [Illustration: © Metropolitan Museum of Art, N. Y. MODEL HYPOSTYLE HALL AT KARNAK SHOWING CONSTRUCTION AND DECORATION. P. 51] [Illustration: PERIPTERAL SANCTUARY SURROUNDED ON FOUR SIDES BY COLUMNS. AT PHILÆ. P. 53] [Illustration: TEMPLE OF EDFOU ENTRANCE TO HYPOSTYLE HALL. METHOD OF ADMITTING LIGHT IN PTOLEMAIC PERIOD. P. 54] [Illustration: EXAMPLE OF CARVED DECORATION P. 48] the body in the nineteenth century, were found to be: length, 189 feet; height, 66 feet. The face, which was originally painted red, has lost part of the nose and beard, as the result of being used as a target by the Mameluke cavalry. =Pyramids.=--The Pyramids, numbering over a hundred, were the sepulchres of the kings of the first twelve Dynasties. Some, for example, the one at =Sakkarah=, attributed to Senefrou of the Third Dynasty, are of the form known as _stepped-pyramids_, their sides ascending in six bold steps; there is one at =Dashour= which slopes steeply from the ground and then breaks to a gentler slope; but the usual type is an unbroken pyramid on a square base. Three of these, situated at =Gizeh=, are of surprising size and known by the names of their builders: =Cheops= or Khufu; =Chephren= or Khafra, and =Mycerinus= or Menkara; all of the Fourth Dynasty. The largest of these, that of =Cheops=, known as the Great Pyramid, is 482 feet high, with a side length of 764 feet. It is, in fact, 150 feet higher than St. Paul’s Cathedral, 50 feet higher than St. Peter’s, while it covers an area nearly three times that of the latter. The evolution of the pyramid form has been traced from the method of burial. In prehistoric times the body was laid in a square pit which was roofed over with poles and brushwood, covered with sand. The kings of the First Dynasty lined the pit with wood. Later a wooden chamber with a beam roof was erected within the pit, descent to which was by a stairway on one side. Still later, the whole was covered by a pile of earth, held in place by dwarf walls. Then, in the Third Dynasty, the earth was replaced by a mass of brickwork with a sloping passage leading down to the mummy chamber, and subsequently stone was employed. The completed development is represented in the pyramids of Gizeh.