Human nature and the social orderCooley, Charles Horton
Science
Human nature and the social order
Cooley, Charles Horton
Individualism; Social psychology; Sociology
The definition of freedom naturally arising from the chapters that have
gone before is perhaps this: that it is _opportunity for right
development_, for development in accordance with the progressive ideal
of life that we have in conscience. A child comes into the world with an
outfit of vague tendencies, for all definite unfolding of which he is
dependent upon social conditions. If cast away alone on a desert island
he would, supposing that he succeeded in living at all, never attain a
real humanity, would never know speech, or social sentiment, or any
complex thought. On the other hand, if all his surroundings are from the
first such as to favor the enlargement and enrichment of his life, he
may attain the fullest development possible to him in the actual state
of the world. In so far as the social conditions have this favoring
action upon him he may be said to be free. And so every person, at every
stage of his growth, is free or unfree in proportion as he does or does
not find himself in the midst of conditions conducive to full and
harmonious personal development. Thinking in this way we do not regard
the individual as separable from the social order as a whole, but we do
regard him as capable of occupying any one of an indefinite number of
positions within that order, some of them more suitable to him than
others.
No doubt there are elements of vagueness in this conception. What is
full and harmonious personal development? What is the right, the
opportunity to achieve which is freedom? The possibilities of
development are infinitely various, and unimaginable until they begin to
be realized, so that it would appear that our notion gives us nothing
definite to go by after all. This is largely true: development cannot be
defined, either for the race or for individuals, but is and must remain
an ideal, of which we can get only partial and shifting glimpses. In
fact, we should cease to think of freedom as something definite and
final, that can be grasped and held fast once for all, and learn to
regard it as a line of advance, something progressively appearing out of
the invisible and defining itself, like the forms of a mountain up which
one is climbing in a mist. This vagueness and incompleteness are only
what we meet in every direction when we attempt to define our ideals.
What is progress? What is right? What is beauty? What is truth? The
endeavor to produce unmistakable and final definitions of these things
is now, I suppose, given up, and we have come to recognize that the
good, in all its forms, is evolved rather than achieved, is a process
rather than a state.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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