Human nature and the social orderCooley, Charles Horton
Science
Human nature and the social order
Cooley, Charles Horton
Individualism; Social psychology; Sociology
I have already said, or implied, that the activity of the will reflects
the state of the social order. A constant and strenuous exercise of
volition implies complexity in the surrounding life from which
suggestions come, while in a simple society choice is limited in scope
and life is comparatively mechanical. It is the variety of social
intercourse or, what comes to the same thing, the character of social
organization, that determines the field of choice; and accordingly there
is a tendency for the scope of the will to increase with that widening
and intensification of life that is so conspicuous a feature of recent
history. This change is bound up with the extension and diffusion of
communication, opening up innumerable channels by which competing
suggestions may enter the mind. We are still dependent upon
environment—life is always a give and take with surrounding
conditions—but environment is becoming very wide, and in the case of
imaginative persons may extend itself to almost any ideas that the past
or present life of the race has brought into being. This brings
opportunity for congenial choice and characteristic personal growth, and
at the same time a good deal of distraction and strain. There is more
and more need of stability, and of a vigorous rejection of excessive
material, if one would escape mental exhaustion and degeneracy. Choice
is like a river; it broadens as it comes down through history—though
there are always banks—and the wider it becomes the more persons drown
in it. Stronger and stronger swimming is required, and types of
character that lack vigor and self-reliance are more and more likely to
go under.
The aptitude to yield to impulse in a mechanical or reflex way is called
suggestibility. As might be expected, it is subject to great variations
in different persons, and in the same person under different conditions.
Abnormal suggestibility has received much study, and there is a great
body of valuable literature relating to it. I wish in this connection
only to recall a few well-known principles which the student of normal
social life needs to have in mind.
As would naturally follow from our analysis of the relation between
suggestion and choice, suggestibility is simply the absence of the
controlling and organizing action of the reflective will. This function
not being properly performed, thought and action are disintegrated and
fly off on tangents; the captain being disabled the crew breaks up into
factions, and discipline goes to pieces. Accordingly, whatever weakens
the reason, and thus destroys the breadth and symmetry of consciousness,
produces some form of suggestibility. To be excited is to be
suggestible, that is to become liable to yield impulsively to an idea in
harmony with the exciting emotion. An angry man is suggestible as
regards denunciation, threats, and the like, a jealous one as regards
suspicions, and similarly with any passion.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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