In the Cairo Museum probably many of the present audience have seen the sepulchral stele of Shemkhetnankh, a great physician of the fifth dynasty, who was contemporary with King Sahura, and who is described in the stele as the principal physician of the Royal Hospital. His name, which is doubtless a title given to him by the monarch, means ‘He who possesses the things that give life.’ It is interesting to find that five thousand years ago a hospital should exist associated with, and under the patronage of, the Pharaoh and having its own staff of physicians. And it is manifest that our calling held a distinguished position at the time when art and learning in Egypt were at their zenith. [Illustration: PLATE IV Plan of part of Eastern Colonnade of Philae with temple of I-em-hotep and courtyards adjacent.] Few of the temples of I-em-hotep remain. When viewing the ruins of Heliopolis, the ‘On’ of the Bible, the visitor naturally wonders in what part of the wide area the great halls were situated in which Horus was healed after being wounded by Typhon, those halls which, as Ebers tells us, had from mythical times been used for clinical purposes by the celebrated faculty of medicine of Heliopolis. A small temple of I-em-hotep still exists at Philae, with certain adjacent courtyards, which were probably employed for medical purposes. I subjoin a ground plan and three photographs of these remains at Philae. This temple is contemporary with the earlier Ptolemies; the hieroglyphics are of the date of Ptolemy IV, but the inscription in Greek on the cornice of the southern door (see Plate VI) is later, dating from the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, two centuries before the Christian era.[25] The colonnade (Plate V) and also the courtyard in front of the temple appear to be still later additions. Since the Coptic houses and much accumulated rubbish have been cleared away, and certain necessary restorations made by Captain Lyons, on behalf of the Public Works Department of Egypt, all details of the temple can be examined with ease.