The Greeks called Italy “Hesperia,” because it was situated to the west of them, and the Romans called Spain “Hesperia” equally, because it was to the west of Italy. But the Latin poets, imitating the Greeks, very frequently call Italy “Hesperia” also. Thus Virgil: Est locus, Hesperiam Graii cognomine dicunt. _Æn._ i. 534. Macrobius prefers deriving the origin of the name, as applied to Italy, from its western situation, to the fact of its being chosen by Hesperus for his residence, when he was expelled by his brother Atlas: “Italy is called Hesperia, because it lies to the west.” (Macrob. _Saturn._ lib. i. cap. 3.) Horace, when he applies the name to Spain, distinguishes the latter country by the addition of the word “ultima,” thus: Qui nunc Hesperiâ sospes ab ultimâ Caris multa sodalibus, &c. _Carm._ i. 36. Strabo, lib. i. seems to derive the name from situation, where he describes the Spaniards as the most western nation, “μάλιστα ἑσπέριοι.” And both he and Pliny state that Hispania was likewise called Iberia, either from a king of that name or from the river Iberus (Ebro). Iberia, though the name by which, after Hispania, Spain was most commonly known to the Latins was, by a confusion not very complimentary to their geographical accuracy, likewise the name of a region in Asia Minor. It was a tract in Pontus separated from Colchis by the Moschic mountains, and corresponds with the modern Georgia: Herbasque, quas Iolcos atque Iberia Mittit venenorum ferax. Horat. _Epod._ 5. The names “Hesperia” and “Iberia” are found together in the same stanza of Camóens as applied to the Peninsula, yet with some vague attempt to confine the latter name to the Spanish portion exclusively: “Nome em armas ditoso, em noss’ Hesperia, * * * * * Se não quizera ir ver a terra Iberia.” _Lus._ iv. 54. Both names are properly applicable to the entire Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal, the second epithet, modified by the prefix _Celto_ into “Celtiberia,” being the ancient name of Aragon and Catalonia, and Iliberia that of Granada. The name Iberia as applied to Spain is found in Virgil, _Æn._ ix. 582: Pictus acu chlamydem, et ferrugine clarus Iberâ, and under this name the country is described elaborately by Avienus (P. C. 380). Quamque suis opibus cumulavit Iberia dives, &c. Ausonius (also P. C. 380) makes use of both the names “Hispania” and “Iberia:” His Hispanus ager tellus ubi dives Iberum. Juvenal (P. C. 120) uses the name “Hispania” as the distinctive appellation of the country, which became better and more perilously known in his time than in the days of Horace and Virgil: Horrida vitanda est Hispania. _Sat._ viii. 116.