Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/iconoclastsbooko00huneiala ICONOCLASTS A Book of Dramatists Ibsen, Strindberg, Becque, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hervieu, Gorky, Duse and D'Annunzio, Maeterlinck and Bernard Shaw by JAMES HUNEKER My truth is the truth MAX STIRNER New York Charles Scribner's Sons 1910 TO JOHN FRANCIS HUNEKER CONTENTS I. HENRIK IBSEN II. AUGUST STRINDBERG III. HENRY BECQUE IV. GERHART HAUPTMANN V. PAUL HERVIEU VI. THE QUINTESSENCE OF SHAW VII. MAXIM GORKY'S NACHTASYL VIII. HERMANN SUDERMANN IX. PRINCESS MATHILDE'S PLAY X. DUSE AND D'ANNUNZIO XI. VILLIERS DE L'ISLE ADAM XII. MAURICE MAETERLINCK I HENRIK IBSEN I THE INDIVIDUALIST The Kingdom of God is within you I Ferdinand Brunetière has declared that "there can be no tragedy without a struggle; nor can there be genuine emotion for the spectator unless something other and greater than life is at stake." This so exactly defines the dramas of Henrik Ibsen that it might have been specifically written to describe their dramatic and ethical content. Whatever else Ibsen's works may be, they are first soul dramas; the human soul is not only their shadowy protagonist, but it is the stake for which his characters breathlessly game throughout the vast halls of his poetic and historic plays and within those modern middle-class apartments, where the atmosphere seems rarefied by the intensity of the struggle. "Greater than life" means for Ibsen the immortal soul--immortal not in the theologic, but generic sense; the soul of the species, which never had a beginning and never can have an end. With this precious entity as pawn on Ibsen's dramatic chess-board, the Brunetière dictum is perfectly fulfilled. Let us apply to him and his plays a symbol; let us symbolize the arch-symbolist. Ibsen is an open door. The door enacts an important rôle with him. Nora Helmer, in A Doll's House, goes out of the door to her new life, and in The Master Builder, Hilda Wangel, typifying the younger generation, enters to Solness. An open door on the chamber of the spirit is Ibsen. Through it we view the struggle of souls in pain and doubt and wrath. He himself has said that the stage should be considered as a room with the fourth wall knocked down so that the spectators could see what is going on within the enclosure. A tragic wall is this missing one, for between the listener and the actor there is interposed the soul of the playwright, the soul of Ibsen, which, prism-like, permits us to witness the refractions of his art. This open door, this absent barrier, is it not a symbol?