Dung is a very useful substrate for studying succession. However, equally interesting results can be obtained from observing the fungi which appear on a stump, colonise a newly laid lawn, or indeed those growing on refuse such as a cast-out rug; microscopic and larger fungi are all to be found. If the dung cannot be incubated immediately it should be dried quickly, for most dung-fungi will survive such treatment and grow when the sample is remoistened. The blotting-paper on which the dung is placed should be kept moist throughout the incubation period. One large discomycete (up to 80 mm across) occurring on manure-heaps must, however, be mentioned, this is _Peziza vesiculosa_ St Amans (see p. 200); the inner surface of this cup-fungus becomes detached from the flesh at maturity and forms blisters. (ii) Fungi of bonfire-sites ~Pholiota highlandensis~ (Peck) A. H. Smith Charcoal pholiota _Cap_: width 20-50 mm. _Stem_: width 4-8 mm; length 25-60 mm. _Description_: Plate 73. Cap: convex then flattened and slightly umbonate, smooth, very sticky at first, but becoming shiny when dry, orange-yellow to sand-colour; the margin is first incurved and ornamented with filaments from the veil, but these are soon lost. Stem: dirty yellow, darker towards the base, cylindric or narrowed downwards and covered in small fibrillose scales. Gills: clay-coloured then dull brown, adnate and crowded. Flesh: yellowish. Spore-print: dull rust-brown. Spores: medium-sized, ellipsoid, smooth, dull brown under the microscope and 7-8 × 3-4 µm in size. Facial cystidia: spindle-shaped with obtuse apex. Marginal cystidia: similar to facial cystidia but usually smaller. _General Information_: This fungus which occurs from spring to autumn is recognised by the habitat, colour of the fruit-body and the spore-size. It is known in many books as _Flammula carbonaria_ (Fries) Kummer, but the genus _Flammula_ is no longer used for it refers to a flowering plant in the buttercup family. _P. highlandensis_ is the same fungus as that referred to as _Pholiota carbonaria_ by European Mycologists, but this name cannot be used for it refers to an entirely different N. American species. ‘Highlandensis’, in fact, refers to the locality where the present fungus was first found in the United States of America. The true _P. carbonaria_ A. H. Smith has only been found once in Europe and this only recently in the south of England. It differs in the reddish orange scales on the stem; indeed it is a much brighter fungus than the common charcoal _Pholiota_. ~Tephrocybe anthracophila~ (Lasch) P. D. Orton _Cap_: width 1-4 mm. _Stem_: width 1 mm; length 2-5 mm. _Description_: Plate 73. Cap: blackish when wet, drying sooty brown, slightly depressed in the centre, smooth, and viscid. Stem: sooty brown, tough and smooth. Flesh: sooty brown. Gills: whitish then grey, adnate and not very crowded.