Spores: medium sized, hyaline under the microscope, ellipsoid, not blueing in solutions of iodine, and 8-10 × 4 µm in size. Marginal cystidia: clavate or ventricose, hyaline and smooth. Facial cystidia: absent. _Illustrations_: T. palustris LH 83. ~Galerina paludosa~ (Fries) Kühner _Cap_: width 10-20 mm. _Stem_: width 3-5 mm; length 50-90 mm. _Description_: Cap: conico-convex expanding slightly but retaining the central umbo, striate to half-way, sand-colour to red-brown, hygrophanous, minutely floccose because of remnants of veil distributed over its surface, but soon becoming smooth. Stem: long, buried amongst the _Sphagnum_, red-brown and flecked with white fibrils, except at the finely hairy apex, the fibrils typically form a distinct but easily lost ring. Gills: almost horizontal, adnate to subdecurrent, pale at first and then rust-brown. Spore-print: rust-brown. Spores: medium-sized, ovate to slightly lemon-shaped, minutely warty, honey-brown under the microscope and about 10 × 6 µm in size, (9-11 × 6-7 µm). Facial cystidia: absent. Marginal cystidia: hyaline, almost cylindrical or bottle-shaped with an inflated base. _General Information_: This species grows from spring to early autumn in _Sphagnum_ bogs; several other species of _Galerina_ are also found in the same localities:-- (i) _G. sphagnorum_ (Fries) Kühner has a convex cap, fibrillose silky and ochraceous brown stem, but it lacks the ring-zone so typical of _G. paludosa_. The smell is like that of meal when crushed and the gills are emarginate. (ii) _G. tibiicystis_ (Atkinson) Kühner has a rapidly expanding cap which becomes plano-convex or depressed at maturity; it also lacks a ring-zone, but the stem in this species is finely hairy because of the presence of numerous pin-shaped cells which can be seen only with the aid of a lens. The gills are broadly adnate. _Illustrations_: _G. paludosa_--LH 175. [Illustration: Plate 75. Fungi of marshes] (b) Alder-carrs ~Naucoria escharoides~ (Fries) Kummer _Cap_: width 12-30 mm. _Stem_: width 1-3 mm; length 25-45 mm. _Description_: Plate 76. Cap: pale yellowish ochre, but becoming darker ochraceous with age, scurfy, convex but then flattened, or with its edge upturned; the margin is slightly striate when moist. Stem: slender, pale to dirty yellowish ochre but darker brown at base, slightly fibrillose, particularly at first because of filaments from a veil, but these are soon lost. Gills: pale tan to brownish ochre with a paler, floccose margin, adnate and crowded. Flesh: yellowish ochre but lacking a distinct smell. Spore-print: clay-colour. Spores: medium sized, almond-shaped, pale brown under the microscope, warted and 10-11 × 5-6 µm in size. Marginal cystidia: swollen below, but drawn out into a hair-like apex. Facial cystidia: absent.