It ruled while it was a Commonwealth; and not content with that Empire which nature, or to say better, the valour of its Citizens had purchased for it, it proposed to acquire all that it could think on, and still the acquisitions seemed small in comparison of that which remained to be acquired. It rul’d in the time of the _Roman_ Emperours, who made Lawes, and domineered over mankind as they pleased; nay, which was worse, tyranny it self came often from _Rome_ to infect the rest of the Universe which was subject to this seat of Tyrants. But why should we recall past Ages, and renew those wounds, which though not healed, are nevertheless worn out by the length of time; why should we praise _Rome_ for having ruled the World, if now at this present it rules it more then ever, and domineers over it in a new manner. In the time of the Commonwealth, in the time of the Emperours, _Rome_ never pretended to command consciences, and exact from soules that Tribute which now they pay to the _Vatican_. Every City had its Bishop, every Village its Curate, and every Church its Preacher, who in his Sermons did not make it his business to exalt _Rome_; neither did the Bishop, nor the Curate expect the rules of governing their flock from _Rome_. But now quite contrary maximes have prevailed; for _Rome_, not content with the temporal power, hath perverted the order of Government, and made the temporal submit to the spiritual, contrary to the received custome of so many Ages. If the Commonwealth subdued Nations, if the _Roman_ Emperours commanded over kingdomes, they did it in such a manner, that those that obeyed seemed to have had more content then those that commanded; for they let them enjoy the liberty of their souls, and required only from them a Civil Obedience in compliance with the interest of the State. But the _Popes_ having confounded and mingled together the temporal and spiritual power, laying the stress upon the spiritual, do oblige Princes and people to so exact an obedience, that the only mention of it is able to scare our hearts and minds. The _Popes_ shutting of Paradise and Heaven when they please, their opening of Hell when they think good, are things that oblige whole Nations to forget the Obedience due to their natural Princes, and to prostrate themselves at his Holinesses his feet. The Commonwealth which ruled with so much wisdome and Policie, the Emperours who governed with the strength of Arms, and the Tyrants who domineered with cruelty, had they but known these secret maximes, might have humbled Nations and reduced Cities with a great deal less paines, and more security. The _Popes_ having being armed with the Soveraigne Authority over consciences, have so increased the glories of _Rome_, that there is scarce a corner in _Europe_, not a place in _Asia_, not a desart in _Africa_, nor a hidden solitude in _America_, where the name of the _Pope_ hath not penetrated, and where there is not some discourse of _Rome_.