The initial and initial paragraph the main object of decoration in Celtic illumination--Study of the letter L as an example--The I of "In principio" and the B of "Beatus Vir". CHAPTER X FIRST ENGLISH STYLES Transition from Iona to Lindisfarne--Influence of Frankish art--The "Opus Anglicum"--The Winchester school and its characteristics--Whence obtained--Method of painting--Examples--Where found and described. CHAPTER XI CAROLINGIAN ILLUMINATION Why so-called--Works to be consulted--The Library of St. Gall--Rise and progress of Carolingian art--Account of various MSS.--Feature of the style--Gospels of St. Sernin--The Ada-Codex--Centres of production--Other splendid examples--The Alcuin Bible--The Gospel of St. Médard of Soissons. CHAPTER XII MONASTIC ILLUMINATION Introductory--Monasteries and their work from the sixth to the ninth century--The claustral schools--Alcuin--Warnefrid and Theodulf--Clerics and monastics--The Golden Age of monasticism--The Order of St. Benedict--Cistercian houses--Other Orders--Progress of writing in Carolingian times--Division of labour. CHAPTER XIII MONASTIC ILLUMINATION--_continued_ The copyist--Gratuitous labour--Last words of copyists--Disputes between Cluny and Citeaux--The Abbey of Cluny: its grandeur and influences--Use of gold and purple vellum--The more influential abbeys and their work in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. CHAPTER XIV OTHONIAN ILLUMINATION Departure from Carolingian--Bird and serpent--Common use of dracontine forms in letter-ornament--Influence of metal-work on the forms of scroll-ornament--The vine-stem and its developments--Introduction of Greek taste and fashion into Germany--Cistercian illumination--The Othonian period--Influence of women as patronesses and practitioners--German princesses--The Empress Adelheid of Burgundy--The Empress Theophano--Henry II. and the Empress Cunegunda--Bamberg--Examples of Othonian art. CHAPTER XV FRANCONIAN ILLUMINATION The later Saxon schools--Bernward of Hildesheim--Tuotilo and Hartmut of St. Gallen--Portrait of Henry II. in MS. 40 at Munich--Netherlandish and other work compared--Alleged deterioration of work under the Franconian Emperors not true--Bad character of the eleventh century as to art--Example to the contrary. CHAPTER XVI ARTISTIC EDUCATION IN THE CLOISTER The "Manual"--Its discovery--Its origin and contents--Didron's translation--The "Compendium" of Theophilus--Its contents--English version by Hendrie--Benedictine and Cistercian illumination--How they differ--Character of monastic architects and artists. CHAPTER XVII THE RISE OF GOTHIC ILLUMINATION Germany the chief power in Europe in the twelfth century--Rise of Italian influence--The Emmeram MSS.--Coronation of Henry II.--The Apocalypse--The "Hortus Deliciarum"--Romanesque--MS. of Henry the Lion--The Niedermünster Gospels--Description of the MS.--Rise of Gothic--Uncertainty of its origin--The spirit of the age. BOOK II CHAPTER I