Barbaric character of Italian illumination in the twelfth century--Ravenna and Pavia the earliest centres of revival--The "Exultet"--La Cava and Monte Cassino--The writers of early Italian MSS. not Italians--In the early fourteenth century the art is French--Peculiarities of Italian foliages--The Law Books--Poems of Convenevole da Prato, the tutor of Petrarch--Celebrated patrons--The Laon Boethius--The Decretals, Institutes, etc.--"Decretum Gratiani," other collections and MSS.--Statuts du Saint Esprit--Method of painting--Don Silvestro--The Rationale of Durandus--Nicolas of Bologna, etc.--Triumphs of Petrarch--Books at San Marco, Florence--The Brera Graduals at Milan--Other Italian collections--Examples of different localities in the British Museum--Places where the best work was done--Fine Neapolitan MS. in the British Museum--The white-vine style superseded by the classical renaissance. CHAPTER VII GERMAN ILLUMINATION FROM THE THIRTEENTH TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY Frederick II., _Stupor Mundi_, and his MS. on hunting--The Sicilian school mainly Saracenic, but a mixture of Greek, Arabic, and Latin tastes--The Franconian Emperors at Bamberg--Charles of Anjou--The House of Luxembourg at Prag--MSS. in the University Library--The Collegium Carolinum of the Emperor Charles IV.--MSS. at Vienna--The Wenzel Bible--The Weltchronik of Rudolf v. Ems at Stuttgard--Wilhelm v. Oranse at Vienna--The Golden Bull--Various schools--Hildesheimer Prayer-book at Berlin--The Nuremberg school--The Glockendons--The Brethren of the Pen. CHAPTER VIII NETHERLANDISH ILLUMINATION What is meant by the Netherlands--Early realism and study of nature--Combination of symbolism with imitation--Anachronism in design--The value of the pictorial methods of the old illuminators--The oldest Netherlandish MS.--Harlinda and Renilda--The nunnery at Maas-Eyck--Description of the MS.--Thomas à Kempis--The school of Zwolle--Character of the work--The use of green landscape backgrounds--The Dukes of Burgundy--Netherlandish artists--No miniatures of the Van Eycks or Memling known to exist--Schools of Bruges, Ghent, Liége, etc.--Brussels Library--Splendid Netherlandish MSS. at Vienna--Gerard David and the Grimani Breviary--British Museum--"Romance of the Rose"--"Isabella" Breviary--Grisailles. CHAPTER IX THE FRENCH RENAISSANCE Communication with Italy--Renaissance not sudden--Origin of the schools of France and Burgundy--Touraine and its art--Fouquet--Brentano MSS.--"Versailles Livy"--Munich "Boccaccio," etc.--Perréal and Bourdichon--"Hours of Anne of Brittany"--Poyet--The school of Fontainebleau--Stained glass--Jean Cousin--Gouffier "Heures"--British Museum Offices of Francis I.--Dinteville Offices--Paris "Heures de Montmorency", "Heures de Dinteville," etc. CHAPTER X SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ILLUMINATION