In the time of Herodotus (c. 460 B.C.) _papyrus paper_ ([Greek: biblia] or [Greek: chartai])[12] appears to have been used by the Greeks almost to the exclusion of parchment or other kinds of skin. In his interesting section on the introduction of the art of writing into Greece by the Phoenicians, Herodotus (v. 58) remarks that the Ionians in old times used to call _papyrus rolls_ [Greek: diphtherai] or "_parchment_," because they had once been in the habit of using skins of sheep or goats for manuscripts, at a time when _papyrus_ paper was not to be had; and, Herodotus goes on to say, "Barbarians even now are accustomed to write their manuscripts on parchment." _Use of parchment._ _Manuscripts on parchment_; this old use of parchment for manuscripts was again introduced among the Greeks by Eumenes II., king of Pergamus from 197 to 159 B.C. At this time men had forgotten that parchment had ever been used for books, and so Varro, quoted by Pliny (_Hist. Nat._ XIII. 70), tells us that Eumenes _invented_ this use of parchment; the real fact being that he re-introduced an old custom, and stimulated the careful preparation of parchment for the sake of the great library which he was anxious to make the most important collection of manuscripts in the world. _Pergamena._ Varro tells us that he was driven to this use of parchment by the jealousy of the Egyptian King Ptolemy Epiphanes, whose enormous library at Alexandria was the only existing rival to the Pergamene collection. One of the Greek names for parchment, _Pergamena_, was derived from the fact of its being so largely made for the Pergamene Kings Eumenes and Attalus, both of whom were not only great patrons of literature and collectors of ancient manuscripts, but were also enthusiastic buyers of pictures, statues, rich textiles and works of art of every class. The other word for parchment used for manuscripts is _membrana_. _Linen MSS._ _Manuscripts on linen_; in ancient Egypt hieroglyphic manuscripts with sacred hymns and portions of the so-called _Ritual of the Dead_ were frequently written with a reed pen on fine linen. These manuscripts, which are often found among the mummy wrappings of burials under the Theban Dynasties, are usually illustrated with pen drawings in outline, not painted miniatures like those on the papyrus rolls. These drawings are executed with much spirit and with a beautiful, clean, certain touch. _Early MSS. in Italy._