Some portions of this book have already appeared in print. The section on crises is practically a reprint of an article entitled “Immigration and Crises,” which appeared in the _American Economic Review_ for December, 1911. The discussion of the effects of immigration on population reproduces almost _verbatim_ an article, “The Paradox of Immigration,” which was printed in the _American Journal of Sociology_ for September, 1911. An article entitled “Some Immigration Differences,” printed in the _Yale Review_ for May, 1910, contained matter which has been incorporated in different portions of this book. To the editors of these three journals the author extends his thanks for permission to use this material in the present volume. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor Albert G. Keller, Professor Roswell C. McCrea, and Professor Allen Johnson, who have read the manuscript wholly or in part, and have made many helpful suggestions. H. P. F. NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, April 9, 1913. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE UNITED STATES. COLONIAL PERIOD 26 III. 1783 TO 1820 53 IV. 1820 TO 1860 61 V. 1860 TO 1882 90 VI. MODERN PERIOD. FEDERAL LEGISLATION 106 VII. VOLUME AND RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE IMMIGRATION STREAM 123 VIII. THE CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION 144 IX. THE EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION. CONDITIONS OF EMBARKATION AND TRANSPORTATION 163 X. INSPECTION. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF ARRIVING IMMIGRANTS 183 XI. CONDITIONS OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE UNITED STATES. EFFECTS ON POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION 213 XII. CONDITIONS (_Continued_). THE STANDARD OF LIVING 233 XIII. THE STANDARD OF LIVING (_Continued_) 258 XIV. THE EXPLOITATION OF IMMIGRANTS. RELIGION. BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS. RECREATION 274 XV. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE COUNTRY. WAGES. PAUPERISM. CRIME. INSANITY 301 XVI. INDUSTRIAL EFFECTS. CRISES. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION. POLITICAL EFFECTS 341 XVII. THE NEW PROBLEM OF IMMIGRATION 369 XVIII. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 381