"The Andamanese traditions do not resemble those of Christians.... Savages in other parts of the world," writes Mr Man, "possessed traditions on the same subjects before missionaries or other Christians ever visited them." [104] The _pukuta yemnga_, a shield-shaped piece of wood, placed with the narrow end in the ground. Andamanese songs are in solos and choruses, the latter invariably sung by both sexes if available, and are accompanied by a dance, which takes place in the evening and at night, in the jungle, when both men and women quite lose themselves in the excitement. Specimens of Andamanese songs:-- (1) "From the country of the Yerewas the moon rose; it came near; it was very cold,--I sat down." _Chorus._--"I sat down." (2) "Maia Poro saw a big turtle in the water, and hit him in the eye. Poro laughed when he hit him in the eye." _Chorus._--"Poro laughed when he hit him in the eye." (3) "I am cutting the under-part of a canoe's prow. I am cutting a canoe." _Chorus._--"I am cutting a canoe." --_Vide_ "Andamanese Music," by M. V. Portman, _Jour. Royal Asiatic Soc._, 1888. [105] _Vide_ Appendix D. [106] _Vide_ Appendix E. [107] Orange Pekoe and Pekoe Souchong. [108] The foregoing information relating to the convict system and the progress of the Settlement is extracted from addresses by the Chief Commissioner (Lieutenant-Colonel R. C. Temple) to the Andaman Commission; _vide_ Supplements, _Andaman and Nicobar Gazette_, July 1897, and February 1901. [109] After Mr E. H. Man. [110] _Vide_ Appendix H. [111] "All along this great line of volcanoes are to be found more or less palpable signs of upheaval and depression of land...; upraised coral-rock, exactly corresponding to that now forming in adjacent seas...; unaltered surfaces of the elevated reefs, with great masses of coral standing up in their natural position, and hundreds of shells, so fresh-looking that it was hard to believe that they had been more than a few years out of the water. "The width of the volcanic belts is about 50 miles; but, for a space of 200 on each side of them, evidences of subterranean action are to be found in recently elevated coral rock or in barrier coral reefs, indicating recent submergence."--_Cf._ "Andamans," _The Malay Archipelago_, A. R. Wallace, pp. 5, 6. [112] _Vide_ paper on the "Geology of the Nicobars," by F. von Hochstetter, translated by Dr Stoliczka, _Proc. Geol. Survey, India_. [113] _Vide_ p. 137. [114] Sir Henry Yule. [115] _Vide_ translation by the Abbé Renaudet, in _Pinkerton's Collection of Travels_, p. 183. [116] "Travels, A.D. 1315-1330," _Hakluyt Library_. [117] _Extractes of Master Cæsar Frederike: his Eighteen Yeeres' Indian Observations. Purchas: his Pilgrimes_, vol. ii., p. 1710. [118] _Hakluyt Library._ [119] _Purchas: his Pilgrimes_, vol. i., p. 123. [120] Lancaster's "Three Voyages to the East Indies," _Hakluyt Library_. [121] Koeping, Stockholm, 1743.