THE PROBLEM OF CHINA By Bertrand Russell CONTENTS QUESTIONS CHINA BEFORE THE NINETEENTH CENTURY CHINA AND THE WESTERN POWERS MODERN CHINA JAPAN BEFORE THE RESTORATION MODERN JAPAN JAPAN AND CHINA BEFORE 1914 JAPAN AND CHINA DURING THE WAR THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE PRESENT FORCES AND TENDENCIES IN THE FAR EAST CHINESE AND WESTERN CIVILIZATION CONTRASTED THE CHINESE CHARACTER HIGHER EDUCATION IN CHINA INDUSTRIALISM IN CHINA THE OUTLOOK FOR CHINA APPENDIX INDEX THE PRACTICE AND THEORY OF BOLSHEVISM Bertrand Russell CONTENTS PAGE PART I THE PRESENT CONDITION OF RUSSIA I. WHAT IS HOPED FROM BOLSHEVISM 15 II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 24 III. LENIN, TROTSKY AND GORKY 36 IV. ART AND EDUCATION 45 V. COMMUNISM AND THE SOVIET CONSTITUTION 72 VI. THE FAILURE OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRY 81 VII. DAILY LIFE IN MOSCOW 92 VIII. TOWN AND COUNTRY 99 IX. INTERNATIONAL POLICY 106 PART II BOLSHEVIK THEORY I. THE MATERIALISTIC THEORY OF HISTORY 119 II. DECIDING FORCES IN POLITICS 128 III. BOLSHEVIK CRITICISM OF DEMOCRACY 134 IV. REVOLUTION AND DICTATORSHIP 146 V. MECHANISM AND THE INDIVIDUAL 157 VI. WHY RUSSIAN COMMUNISM HAS FAILED 165 VII. CONDITIONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF COMMUNISM 178 MYSTICISM AND LOGIC AND OTHER ESSAYS Bertrand Russell CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Mysticism and Logic 1 II. The Place of Science in a Liberal Education 33 III. A Free Man's Worship 46 IV. The Study of Mathematics 58 V. Mathematics and the Metaphysicians 74 VI. On Scientific Method in Philosophy 97 VII. The Ultimate Constituents of Matter 125 VIII. The Relation of Sense-data to Physics 145 IX. On the Notion of Cause 180 X. Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description 209 Index 233