THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE By John Fiske With Maps, Index, And A Biographical Sketch CONTENTS chap page Biographical Sketch. vii I. Introduction. 1 II. The Colonies In 1750. 4 III The French Wars, and the First Plan of Union. 26 IV. The Stamp Act, and the Revenue Laws. 39 V. The Crisis. 78 VI. The Struggle for the Centre. 104 VII. The French Alliance. 144 VIII. Birth of the Nation. 182 Collateral Reading. 195 Index. 197 LIST OF MAPS Facing Page Invasion of Canada 92 Washington's Campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 119 Burgoyne's Campaign 130 The Southern Campaign 172 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA By John Fiske VOL. I (of II) CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ANCIENT AMERICA. page The American aborigines 1 Question as to their origin 2, 3 Antiquity of man in America 4 Shell-mounds, or middens 4, 5 The Glacial Period 6, 7 Discoveries in the Trenton gravel 8 Discoveries in Ohio, Indiana, and Minnesota 9 Mr. Cresson's discovery at Claymont, Delaware 10 The Calaveras skull 11 Pleistocene men and mammals 12, 13 Elevation and subsidence 13, 14 Waves of migration 15 The Cave men of Europe in the Glacial Period 16 The Eskimos are probably a remnant of the Cave men 17-19 There was probably no connection or intercourse by water between ancient America and the Old World 20 There is one great American red race 21 Different senses in which the word "race" is used 21-23 No necessary connection between differences in culture and differences in race 23 Mr. Lewis Morgan's classification of grades of culture 24-32 Distinction between Savagery and Barbarism 25 Origin of pottery 25 Lower, middle, and upper status of savagery 26 Lower status of barbarism; it ended differently in the two hemispheres; in ancient America there was no pastoral stage of development 27 (p. xx) Importance of Indian corn 28 Tillage with irrigation 29 Use of adobe-brick and stone in building 29 Middle status of barbarism 29, 30 Stone and copper tools 30 Working of metals; smelting of iron 30 Upper status of barbarism 31 The alphabet and the beginnings of civilization 32 So-called "civilizations" of Mexico and Peru 33, 34 Loose use of the words "savagery" and "civilization" 35 Value and importance of the term "barbarism" 35, 36 The status of barbarism is most completely exemplified in ancient America 36, 37 Survival of bygone epochs of culture; work of the Bureau of Ethnology 37, 38 Tribal society and multiplicity of languages in aboriginal America 38, 39 Tribes in the upper status of savagery; Athabaskans, Apaches, Shoshones, etc. 39 Tribes in the lower status of barbarism; the Dakota group or family 40 The Minnitarees and Mandans 41 The Pawnee and Arickaree group 42 The Maskoki group 42 The Algonquin group 43 The Huron-Iroquois group 44 The Five Nations 45-47 Distinction between horticulture and field agriculture 48 Perpetual intertribal warfare, with torture and cannibalism 49-51 Myths and folk-lore 51 Ancient law 52, 53 The patriarchal family not primitive 53 "Mother-right" 54