[451] Osman. The name given by Emerson in his journal and essays to his ideal man, one subject to the same conditions as himself. [452] Koran. The sacred book of the Mohammedans. [453] Jove. Jupiter, the supreme god of Roman mythology. [454] Silenus. In Greek mythology, the leader of the satyrs. This fable, which Emerson credits to tradition, was original. [455] Her owl. The owl was the bird sacred to Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. GIFTS [456] This essay was first printed in the periodical called The Dial. It was a part of Emerson's philosophic faith that there is no such thing as giving,—everything that belongs to a man or that he ought to have, will come to him. But in the ordinarily accepted sense of the word, Emerson was a gracious giver and receiver. In his family the old New England custom of New Year's presents was kept up to his last days. His presents were accompanied with verses to be read before the gift was opened. [457] Into chancery. The phrase "in chancery," means in litigation, as an estate, in a court of equity. [458] Cocker. Spoil, indulge,—a word now little used. [459] Fruits are acceptable gifts. Emerson took especial pleasure in the beauty of fruits and the thought of how they had been evolved from useless, insipid seed cases. [460] To let the petitioner, etc. We can hardly imagine Emerson's asking a gift or favor. He often quoted the words of Landor, an English writer: "The highest price you can pay for a thing is to ask for it." [461] Furies. In Roman mythology, three goddesses who sought out and punished evil-doers. [462] A man's biography, etc. Emerson wrote in his journal: "Long ago I wrote of gifts and neglected a capital example. John Thoreau, Jr. [who, like his brother Henry, was a lover of nature] one day put a bluebird's box on my barn,—fifteen years ago it must be,—and there it still is, with every summer a melodious family in it adorning the place and singing its praises. There's a gift for you which cost the giver no money, but nothing which he bought could have been as good." [463] Sin offering. Under the Hebrew law, a sacrifice or offering for sin. See Leviticus xxiii. 19. Explain what Emerson means here by the word. [464] Blackmail. What is "blackmail"? How may Christmas gifts, for instance, become a species of blackmail? [465] Brother, if Jove, etc. In the Greek legend, Epimetheus gives this advice to his brother Prometheus. The lines are taken from a translation of Works and Days, by the Greek poet, Hesiod. [466] Timons. Here used in the sense of wealthy givers. Timon, the hero of Shakespeare's play, Timon of Athens, wasted his fortune in lavish gifts and entertainments, and in his poverty was exposed to the ingratitude of those whom he had served. He became morose and died in miserable retirement.