Yanan family 135 Geographic distribution 135 Yukian family 135 Geographic distribution 136 Yuman family 136 Geographic distribution 137 Principal tribes 138 Population 138 Zuñian family 138 Geographic distribution 139 Population 139 Concluding remarks 139 ILLUSTRATION Plate I. Map. Linguistic stocks of North America north of Mexico. In pocket at end of volume [Transcriber’s Note: The Map is available in the “images” directory accompanying the html version of this file. There are two sizes in addition to the thumbnail: mapsmall.jpg: 615×732 pixels (about 9×11 in / 23×28 cm, 168K) maplarge.jpg: 1521×1818 pixels (about 22×27 in / 56×70 cm, 1MB) ] * * * * * INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. By J. W. POWELL. * * * * * NOMENCLATURE OF LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. The languages spoken by the pre-Columbian tribes of North America were many and diverse. Into the regions occupied by these tribes travelers, traders, and missionaries have penetrated in advance of civilization, and civilization itself has marched across the continent at a rapid rate. Under these conditions the languages of the various tribes have received much study. Many extensive works have been published, embracing grammars and dictionaries; but a far greater number of minor vocabularies have been collected and very many have been published. In addition to these, the Bible, in whole or in part, and various religious books and school books, have been translated into Indian tongues to be used for purposes of instruction; and newspapers have been published in the Indian languages. Altogether the literature of these languages and that relating to them are of vast extent. While the materials seem thus to be abundant, the student of Indian languages finds the subject to be one requiring most thoughtful consideration, difficulties arising from the following conditions: (1) A great number of linguistic stocks or families are discovered. (2) The boundaries between the different stocks of languages are not immediately apparent, from the fact that many tribes of diverse stocks have had more or less association, and to some extent linguistic materials have been borrowed, and thus have passed out of the exclusive possession of cognate peoples.