Indian Myth and LegendMackenzie, Donald A. (Donald Alexander)
History
Indian Myth and Legend
Mackenzie, Donald A. (Donald Alexander)
Hindu mythology; Legends -- India
In endeavouring to trace the sources of foreign influences, we
should not always expect to find clues in the mythologies of great
civilizations like Babylonia, Assyria, or Egypt alone. The example of
the Hebrews, a people who never invented anything, and yet produced the
greatest sacred literature of the world, is highly suggestive in this
connection. It is possible that an intellectual influence was exercised
in early times over great conquering races by humble forgotten peoples
whose artifacts give no indication of their mental activity.
In Indian Aryan mythology we are suddenly confronted at a comparatively
late period, at any rate some time after tribal settlements were
effected all over Hindustan from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian
Sea, with fully developed conceptions regarding the World's Ages and
Transmigration of Souls, which, it is quite evident, did not originate
after the Aryan conquest of Hindustan. Both doctrines can be traced in
Greek and Celtic (Irish) mythologies, but they are absent from Teutonic
mythology. From what centre and what race they originally emanated we
are unable to discover. The problem presented is a familiar one. At the
beginnings of all ancient religious systems and great civilizations
we catch glimpses of unknown and vanishing peoples who had sowed the
seeds for the harvests which their conquerors reaped in season.
The World's Ages are the “Yugas” of Brahmanism. “Of this elaborate
system ... no traces are found in the hymns of the _Rigveda_. Their
authors were, indeed, familiar with the word ‘yuga’, which frequently
occurs in the sense of age, generation, or tribe.... The first passage
of the _Rigveda_ in which there is any indication of a considerable
mundane period being noted is where ‘a first’ or an earlier age
(yuga) of the gods is mentioned when ‘the existent sprang from the
non-existent’.... In one verse of the _Atharva-veda_, however, the word
‘yuga’ is so employed as to lead to the supposition that a period of
very long duration is intended. It is there said: ‘We allot to thee a
hundred, ten thousand years, two, three, four ages (yugas)’.”[150]
[150] Muir's _Original Sanskrit Texts_, vol. i, p. 46.
Professor Muir traced references in the _Brahmanas_ to the belief in
“Yugas” as “Ages”, but showed that these were isolated ideas with
which, however, the authors of these books were becoming familiar.
When the system of Yugas was developed by the Indian priestly
mathematicians, the result was as follows:—
One year of mortals is equal to one day of the gods. 12,000 divine
years are equal to a period of four Yugas, which is thus made up, viz.:
Krita Yuga, with its mornings and evenings, 4,800 divine years.
Treta Yuga, " " " " 3,600 "
Dwãpara Yuga, " " " " 2,400 "
Kali Yuga, " " " " 1,200 "
Making 12,000 "
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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