Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
There were several ways by which Indian slaves could obtain their
freedom. Among the Huron a young brave could marry his mother’s slave,
and his parents had no right to hinder him. By becoming his wife the
slave became a free woman.[97] Among the southern Indians the children
of slave parents were free and were considered in every respect equal
to their parents’ masters.[98] Among the western Indians, upon the
death of a savage, his slaves intermarried with others of their kind
and lived in a separate hut as a sign that they were free since they
had no master to serve. The children of such marriages were adopted
into the tribe and became the children of the nation, since they were
born in the country and village of the tribe. The Indians believed
that the children should not be held as slaves since they “contributed
nothing to their creation.”[99] In the northwest, the distinction
between slave and free man was generally sharply drawn with regard to
marriage, for the slave usually could not marry the free man or woman,
though the Makah men frequently married slave women. The children of
such marriages appear to have held “an equivocal position between free
men and slaves.”[100]
The most common mode of acquiring freedom was through adoption into
the tribes. Among the tribes of the Great Plains and the Atlantic
Slope, adoption seems to have been universally practiced. The slaves
adopted usually consisted of war captives,[101] who in some instances
were adopted wholesale, or who, after a period of servitude in the
tribe, had proved themselves possessed of certain desirable qualities,
such as bravery and strength in war or the chase. The adopted person
became in every respect the peer of his fellow-tribesmen. If he showed
his ability he might become of high rank in the tribe. If he were a
poor hunter, a poor provider, or, above all, if he turned out to be a
coward, he was despised and treated according to his demerits, probably
worse than if he had been born a member of the tribe. Still, he was
a member of the tribe and remained a free man, though he was deposed
from man’s estate and “made a woman.” Adopted persons who showed
little ability, were sometimes made to serve in the families of the
influential and prominent men of the tribe; but such persons were free,
even though they performed menial labor.[102]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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