Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States — John Shaqi
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
The chief, though not the earliest, source of Indian slaves among
the French was that of captives taken in war with the Indian tribes.
For many years after the coming of the French to Louisiana, they
and the Natchez Indians lived in friendly intercourse. Minor Indian
troubles in 1711[174] and 1715[175] resulted in the enslavement and
transportation of certain Indians to Cape François on the island of
Haiti. The hostilities begun with the Natchez Indians in 1715 continued
intermittently until 1740.[176] In 1730, because of ill treatment by
M. du Chapart, governor of Fort Rosalie, who wished the site of a
Natchez village on which to build a town, and because of other abuses,
the Natchez rose against the French and massacred over two hundred of
them.[177] Governor Périer formed an army and advanced against them in
their fort. The Natchez offered to leave the place if their lives were
spared. Their offer was accepted, but they were detained as prisoners,
all but twenty who escaped.[178] About four hundred and fifty of the
tribe, including the Great Sun, the Little Sun and several of the
principal war chiefs, were captured and carried to New Orleans.[179]
The women and children were retained as slaves on the plantations. Some
of the prisoners were burned in New Orleans.[180] The Great Sun, the
Little Sun, their families, and more than four hundred of the captives,
were sent at once to Cape François, Haiti, and most of them sold to
the planters as slaves.[181] The two chiefs and their families were
retained as prisoners on the island. On April 22, 1731, the minister
informed the Company that, in his opinion, the only solution of the
matter lay in selling as slaves the survivors of the two families. The
registers of the Company contain the following record: “It was resolved
to order the sale of the survivors of the said two families of Natchez
Indians.”[182]
The Natchez war was the most important of those between French and
Indians in Louisiana. There were, however, minor difficulties, from
time to time, in which the same policy of enslaving the captive Indians
was followed by the French. The war with the Fox Indians, 1712, serves
as an example of these lesser troubles.[183] By 1720, war had broken
out between the French and the Chickasaw, whom the English had stirred
up.[184] An intermittent warfare with this tribe and others continued
in 1724,[185] 1728,[186] 1736,[187] (with a peace in 1740),[188]
1750,[189] and 1752.[190] Captives were enslaved by both sides. Some
of these were left with the Indians to dispose of at will. Others were
kept among the French as slaves.[191]
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