Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United StatesLauber, Almon Wheeler
History
Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States
Lauber, Almon Wheeler
Indians of North America; Indians, Treatment of -- United States; Slavery -- United States; Thesis (Ph. D.)
As already observed, the check on the traders by the creation of the
board of commissioners was so slight that they continued as before to
traffic in Indians with impunity. Unprincipled traders were licensed
and obtained Indians wherever and however they could. Some traders went
so far as to keep a body of slaves with them in the Indian nation where
they traded, whom they sent out to attack other tribes for the purpose
of obtaining captives.[639] Attempts, of course, were made by the board
to check the traffic. At its meetings Indian agents were tried for
illegally reducing Indians to slavery,[640] and on one occasion it was
ordered that a woman and child should be brought back from New York
where they had been sold as slaves.[641] In 1711, an attempt was made
to check the practice of the traders employing Indian slaves in the
manner above mentioned, by issuing the following order to all traders:
“You shall permit none of your slaves to go to war on any account
whatsoever.”[642] This order had as little effect as those which
preceded it. The influence of the traders, indeed, among the friendly
tribes could accomplish the same result by stirring them up against
other tribes.[643]
These and other efforts at regulation of the Indian slave trade
were alike fruitless. The general weakness of the province made it
impossible to control the action of the traders on the frontier and
outside the boundary of the province. Reports to the English Board of
Trade made frequent mention of the state of affairs but conditions were
not remedied.[644] On October 27, 1720, several merchants suggested
to the Board of Trade, as a means of improving conditions in South
Carolina, “to prohibit by still greater penalties the selling as a
slave of any person of the nations in amity with us throughout the
continent and to prevent abuse therein”, and declaring that “none but
deputies from the public should have power to buy Indian slaves from
those Indians in alliance with us as taken in war, which deputies on
public account should be obliged to transfer them to the Islands there
to be sold on condition not to be sent to the province again”.[645]
But the provincial authorities could not enforce these decrees, so
the action of the traders continued unmolested until checked by other
causes. Government officials continued to league with the traders. As
late as 1754, a Catawba trader wrote to the board of commissioners as
follows: “The Catawbas held a council yesterday in the king’s house,
and have resolved to go with the English against the French. They want
me and my people to go with them, and we are willing to do so, even
without pay, on one condition: that we be allowed to keep as our own
property whatever plunder in the way of Indian slaves we may be able
to capture.” There are frequent intimations in the records that Indian
slaves were still being held in South Carolina at this time, though
their wholesale delivery and sale in Charleston had ceased.[646]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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