My spelling of _Chilian_ is consistent throughout. Formerly so spelled by all, _Chile_ being earlier written _Chili_, when the Spanish form of the name was here adopted many imagined that the adjective should be changed also. For this no reason appears, but the contrary. The accepted ending for adjectives of this nature is _ian_, unless euphony demands a different, as _Venezuelan_. Where the ending _ean_ is correctly employed as in _Andean_ and _European_, also _Caribbean_, which unhappily is often mispronounced, the _e_ is long and receives the accent. This would be proper in _Chilean_ as the _e_ in _Chileno_ receives the accent; but as a change in our pronunciation is unlikely, it is better to drop the final vowel and add the suffix _ian_ as is done in many other cases; thus _Italy_, _Italian_. The frequent writing of _maté_ in English is absolutely wrong. It is never so printed in Spanish, though naturally in French; but to copy their form for a Spanish word is absurd. The word of course has two syllables, but is accented on the first; not on the last as the written accent would imply. _Iguassú_ in Spanish is spelled _Iguazú_, but the Portuguese form has the right, because it is a Brazilian river, nowhere flowing in Argentina, and for a short distance only on the boundary. The Brazilian spelling should therefore be followed by us, and it has the advantage that it is more apt to be correctly pronounced. Persons not undertaking the study of Spanish should at least learn the simple rules of pronunciation; the vowels having the ordinary continental sounds, the consonants in the main like our own, though in the middle of a word _b_ is generally pronounced like _v_, _d_ like _th_ in _this_ and _ll_ like _ly_. The rules for accent are easily remembered, names ending in a vowel being accented on the penult, those in a consonant, except _s_, _z_, and _n_, on the ultima, unless otherwise indicated by an accent. The heedlessness of many Americans on such matters is notorious and inexcusable. Knowing the correct pronunciation they continue to mispronounce even an easy word. A notable illustration is Panamá, which many former residents of the Canal Zone and others here persist in calling the ugly _Pánama_ instead of the correct and agreeable _Panamá_. Although in English the accent is not generally used on this word or on Colón, Panamá is repeated throughout the book to emphasize the correct pronunciation. It is hoped that other accents given will in general be found correct. It may however be said on Brazilian authority that the accents on Brazilian names are less important than in Spanish.