Grinding the ingredients of the glaze is still often done in primitive fashion in mortars. The glaze is usually composed of lead oxide and sand, often with addition of other lead compounds as, for example, in quite common ware, of equal parts of litharge, clay, and coarse sand. Sometimes, instead of litharge, galena (lead sulphide) or, with better qualities of ware, red lead or ‘lead ashes’ are used. The grinding of the glazes in open mills or even in mortars constitutes a great danger which can be prevented almost entirely by grinding in ball mills. The glaze material is next mixed with water, and the articles are either dipped into the creamy mass or this is poured over them. In doing this the hands, clothes, and floors are splashed. The more dangerous dusting-on of glaze is rarely practised. Occasionally mechanical appliances take the place of hand dipping. Placing the ware in the glost oven is done without placing it first in saggars. In the better qualities of pottery cooking utensils, which are fired twice, a less fusible fritted lead glaze is generally used. Coloured glaze contains, besides the colouring metallic oxides, 30-40 per cent. of litharge or red lead. As Kaup shows, Continental factory inspectors’ reports make only isolated references to occurrence of lead poisoning in potteries. Insight into the conditions in small potteries is obtained only from the Bavarian reports. In Upper Bavaria ninety-three potteries employ 157 persons who come into contact with lead glaze. Eleven cases were known to have occurred in the last four years. Teleky found thirty-six cases of lead poisoning (mostly among glostplacers) in the records of the Potters’ Sick Insurance Society of Vienna. Chyzer has described the striking conditions in Hungary. There there are about 4000 potters, of whom 500 come into contact with lead glaze. Chronic lead poisoning is rife among those carrying on the occupation as a home industry. Members of the family contract the disease from the dust in the living rooms. This dust was found to contain from 0·5 to 8·7 per cent. of lead. In the china and earthenware factories in Great Britain, in the ten years 1900-9, 1065 cases with fifty-seven deaths were reported.