From the sodium salt of carbolic acid (sodium phenolate) _salicylic acid_ (C₆H₄OH.COOH) is obtained by combination with compressed CO₂ at a temperature of 150° C. _Picric acid_ (trinitrophenol, C₆H₂OH.(NO₂)₃) is obtained by treating phenol with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids (nitration). The yellow crystals of this explosive which separate are carefully washed, recrystallised, centrifugalised, and dried. 3. The _heavy oils_ which come over between 200° and 300° C. containing cresols, naphthols, naphthaline, quinoline bases, fluid paraffins, &c., are seldom separated further. The disinfectants lysol, sapocarbolic, &c., are obtained from such fractions. The heavy oils are much in use for _impregnating wood_ (piles, railway sleepers, &c.), to prevent rotting. This is done in special creosoting installations. The wood is first freed from moisture under vacuum and lastly the heavy oil forced in. This is a better means of preserving timber than the analogous method by means of chloride of zinc. 4. _Anthracene oil_ or ‘green oil’ comes over between 300° and 400° C. and contains the valuable anthracene which crystallises out, is separated from the oil in filter presses, or dried in centrifugal machines. _Alizarin_ dyes are made from it. Raw anthracene oil further is used commercially as a paint under the name of carbolineum for preserving wood. 5. The _pitch_ remaining behind in the still serves (like tar) for making varnishes, patent fuel, &c. For our purpose use of pitch in the preparation of iron varnishes which adhere to metals and protect them from oxidation have interest. Pitch and the heavy oils are melted together or, if for thin varnishes, dissolved in solvent naphtha. The volatile constituents evaporate after the coat has been applied. EFFECTS ON HEALTH.—Severe injury to health or poisoning cases scarcely arise through manipulations with or use of tar. Inhalation, however, of large quantities of tar vapour is without doubt unpleasant, as a number of poisonous substances are contained in the fumes. And the ammonia water which separates on standing can give off unpleasantly smelling odours from the sulphur compounds in it, especially if it comes into contact with waste acids, with consequent development of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. I could not find in the literature of the subject references to any clearly proved case of poisoning from tar emanations. But deserving of mention in this connection are the _effects on the skin_ caused by tar. Workers coming into contact with tar suffer from an inflammatory affection of the skin, so-called tar eczema, which occasionally takes on a cancerous (epithelioma) nature similar to chimney-sweep’s cancer, having its seat predominantly on the scrotum. In lampblack workers who tread down the soot in receptacles the malady has been observed to affect the lower extremities and especially the toes.