Man a product of the earth's surface--Persistent effect of geographic barriers--Recurrent influences of nature-made highways--Regions of historical similarity--Persistence of climatic influences--Relation of geography to history--Multiplicity of geographic factors--Evolution of geographic relations--Interplay of geographic factors--Direct and indirect effects of environment--Indirect effects in differentiation of colonial peoples--General importance of indirect effects--Time element--Previous habitat--Transplanted religions--Partial response to environment--The larger conception of environment--Unity of the earth and the human race. CHAPTER II. CLASSES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES Four classes of influences--Physical effects of environment--Stature and environment--Effects of dominant activities--Physical effects of climate--Pigmentation in relation to heat and light--Pigmentation and altitude--Difficulty of generalization from geographic distribution--Psychical effects--In Religion--In mind and character--In language--The great man in history--Economic and social effects--Size of the social group--Effects on movements of peoples--Segregation and accessibility--Change of habitat. CHAPTER III. SOCIETY AND STATE IN RELATION TO THE LAND People and land--Political geography--Political versus social geography--Land basis of society--Morgan's _societas_--Land bond in primitive hunter tribes--In fisher tribes--In pastoral tribes--Land and state--Strength of the land bond in the state--Evolution of land tenure--Land and food supply--Advance from natural to artificial basis of subsistence--Land basis in relation to agriculture--Migratory and sedentary agriculture--Geographic checks to progress in economic and social development--Native animal and plant life as factors in progress--Density of population under different cultural and geographic conditions--Its relation to government--Territorial expansion of the state--Artificial checks to population--Extra-territorial relations of state and people--Theory of progress from the standpoint of geography--Progressive dependence of man upon nature. CHAPTER IV. MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLES IN THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE