The size of the earth--Relation of area to life--Area and differentiation--The struggle for space--National area an index of social and political development--The Oikoumene--The unity of the human species in relation to the earth--Isolation and differentiation--Monotonous race type of small area--Wide race distribution and inner diversities--Large area a guarantee of racial or national permanence--Weakness of small states--Protection of large area to primitive peoples--Contrast of large and small areas in bio-geography--Political domination of large areas--Area and literature--Small geographic base of primitive societies--Influence of small, confined areas--The process of territorial growth--Historical advance from small to large areas--Gradations in area and in development--Preliminaries to ethnic and political expansion--Significance of sphere of influence or activity--Nature of expansion in new and old countries--Relation of ethnic to political expansion--Relation of people and state to political boundary--Expansion of civilization--Cultural advantages of large political area--Politico-economic advantages--Political area and the national horizon--National estimates of area--Limitations of small tribal conceptions--Evolution of territorial policies--Colonial expansion--The mind of colonials. CHAPTER VII. GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES The boundary zone in Nature--Oscillating boundaries of the habitable area of the earth--Wallace's Line a typical boundary zone--Boundaries as limits of expansion--Boundary zone as index of growth or decline--Breadth of boundary zone--Broad frontier zones of active expansion--Value of barrier boundaries--The sea as the absolute boundary--Natural boundaries as bases of ethnic and political boundaries--Primitive waste boundaries--Alien intrusions into border wastes--Politico-economic significance of the waste boundary--Common boundary districts--Tariff free zones--Boundary zones of mingled race elements--Assimilation of civilization in boundary zones--Relation of ethnic and cultural assimilation--The border zone of assimilation in political expansion--Tendency toward defection along political frontiers--The spirit of colonial frontiers--Free border states as political survivals--Guardians of the marches--Lawless citizens deported to political frontiers--Drift of lawless elements to the frontiers--Asylums beyond the border. CHAPTER VIII. COAST PEOPLES