It further appears from the tables of statistics, that the number of _insane_ paupers per 100,000 of the population, which was one hundred and fifty-seven (157), January 1, 1858, advanced to two hundred and seventeen (217) per 100,000, January 1, 1880, notwithstanding the fact, that during this period the number of pauper-persons per 100,000 of the general population diminished from two thousand six hundred and thirty (2,630) to one thousand seven hundred and eighteen (1,718). It thus appears that insanity is, both absolutely and relatively, a much larger element in the pauperism of the country than ever before. In considering the force of the above statistics there is one element which may, I think, properly be referred to as entering into the calculation, to which I have nowhere found any allusion, namely,--that of emigration. I have not at hand the statistics to show how great this has been from England and Scotland during the last twenty years, but we know that it has been very considerable from both countries to Canada, Australia, and the United States; and I think it fair to assume that this emigration has generally been from those who have been in good mental health, at least at the time of leaving these countries; and if at this time they had relatives who were insane, these would be left behind. Therefore, so far as this would have an effect upon the statistics of insanity, it would be toward exhibiting a higher ratio of the insane to the whole population than would otherwise appear. Having made due allowance for this, and other considerations, which were alluded to in connection with the statistics of asylums, I still think the evidence all points toward a large increase of insanity, both absolute and relatively to the population, in both England and Scotland. At the time of this writing, the statistics of the census for 1880, for the United States, have not been so far completed and published, that evidence from them can here be presented, but I think there can be no doubt that, when they appear, they will tend to confirm very strongly those already presented, which have been prepared with so great care, and collected under such very favorable conditions, and which demonstrate, or so nearly demonstrate, both the absolute and relative increase of insanity. CHAPTER III. INSANITY AND CIVILIZATION.