The operations of an insect in boring into a leaf or a bud to form a lodgment for its eggs appear very simple. The tools, however, by which these effects are performed are very complicated and curious. In the case of gall-flies (_Cynips_), the operation itself is not so remarkable as its subsequent chemical effects. These effects are so different from any others that may be classed under the head of Insect Architecture, that we shall reserve them for the latter part of this volume, although, with reference to the use of galls, the protection of eggs and larvæ, they ought to find a place here. We shall, however, at present confine ourselves to those which simply excavate a nest, without producing a tumour. The first of these insects which we shall mention is celebrated for its song, by the ancient Greek poets, under the name of _Tettix_. The Romans called it _Cicada_, which we sometimes, but erroneously, translate "grasshopper;" for the grasshoppers belong to an entirely different order of insects. We shall, therefore, take the liberty of calling the Cicadæ _Tree-hoppers_, to which the cuckoo-spit insect (_Tettigonia spumaria_, Oliv.) is allied; but there is only one of the true Cicadæ hitherto ascertained to be British, namely, the _Cicada hæmatodes_ (Linn.), which was discovered in the New Forest, Hampshire, by Mr. Daniel Bydder. M. Réaumur was exceedingly anxious to study the economy of these insects; but they not being indigenous in the neighbourhood of Paris, he commissioned his friends to send him some from more southern latitudes, and he procured in this way specimens not only from the South of France and from Italy, but also from Egypt. From these specimens he has given the best account of them yet published; for though, as he tells us, he had never had the pleasure of seeing one of them alive, the most interesting parts of their structure can be studied as well in dead as in living specimens. We ourselves possess several specimens from New Holland, upon which we have verified some of the more interesting observations of Réaumur. Virgil tells us that in his time "the cicadæ burst the very shrubs with their querulous music;"[BH] but we may well suppose that he was altogether unacquainted with the singular instrument by means of which they can, not poetically, but actually, cut grooves in the branches they select for depositing their eggs. It is the male, as in the case of birds, which fills the woods with his song; while the female, though mute, is no less interesting to the naturalist on account of her curious ovipositor. This instrument, like all those with which insects are furnished by nature for cutting, notching, or piercing, is composed of a horny substance, and is also considerably larger than the size of the tree-hopper would proportionally indicate. It can on this account be partially examined without a microscope, being, in some of the larger species, no less than five lines[BI] in length.