――, social structure, 169, 170 ――, observed mental characters, 173 _et seq._ ――, conscious direction of the State, 163, 169, 191 ――, in relation to other nations, 179–182 ――, morale of, 182–188 ――, discipline, 189–191 ――, conditions of morale in, 193, 194 ――, objects of war with, 194–201 GOVERNMENT, Sources of, 257 GREGARIOUSNESS, not a superficial character, 19 ――, widespread occurrence in nature, 20 ―― in man, probably primitive, 22 ――, mental equivalents of, 31–33 ――, biological meaning of, 101, 102 ――, analogy to multicellular structure, 103 ――, meaning of wide distribution of, 103, 104 ――, specialization and co-ordination, 105, 106 ――, varieties of, 107, 108 ――, in insects, 105–107 ――, in mammals, 107, 108 ――, protective and aggressive, 110, 111 ―― in man, disadvantages of: disease, 133; resistiveness, 133 ―― in man, defects of specialization, 135; of homogeneity, 137 ――, aggressive, protective, socialized, 166, 167 GREGARIOUS ANIMAL, special characteristics of, 28 ――, general characteristics of, 29 ――, characters of, 108, 109 ――, fear in, 111 GREGARIOUS CHARACTERS IN MAN: intolerance of solitude, 113; religion, 113; sensitiveness to the herd, 114; mob violence and panic, 115; susceptibility to leadership, 115; recognition by the herd, 118 HAECKEL, 24 HERD INSTINCT, contrasted with other instincts, 47 ――, mode of action of, 48 ―― in the individual, special character of, 98 HISTORY, biological interpretation of, 99, 100 HUMAN CONDUCT, apparent complexity of, 13, 14 HUXLEY, antithesis of cosmical and ethical processes, 24 INSTINCT, definition of, 94 ――, mental manifestations of, 95 ――, disguised but not diminished in man, 99 INSTINCTIVE ACTIVITIES, obscured in proportion to brain-power, 97 INSTINCTIVE EXPRESSION, essential to mental health, 244, 245 INTELLECT, the, essential function of, 243 ――, biological aspect of, 255 JAMES, WILLIAM, introspective aspect of instinct, 15 LEADERSHIP, 116, 117 ―― in society, 246 ―― a substitute for common impulse, 247 ――, defects of, 247 ―― in Germany and in England, 248–250 LE BON, GUSTAVE, 26 MAN as an animal, a fundamental conception, 66, 67, 243 ―― as a gregarious animal, vagueness of earlier conceptions, 21 ―― as an instinctive animal, current view of, 93 MENTAL CAPACITY and instinctive expression, 121 MENTAL CONFLICT, discussed in relation to Freud’s doctrines, 79–81 ――, the antagonism to instinctive impulses, 82 MENTAL CONFLICT, source of the repressive impulse in, 82, 83 MENTAL INSTABILITY, and conflict, 57 ――, in modern society, 56, 57 MINORITIES and prejudice, 216, 217 MORALE, in England, 207–209 ――, in Germany, 182–188 ――, maintenance of, 147–155 ――, relation of homogeneity to, 144–147 ―― and officialism, 155 MULTICELLULARITY and natural selection, 18 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS, the, 18 NATIONAL consciousness, 228