ARBITRATION Grotius, II. c. 23, § 8--Vattel, II. § 329--Hall, § 119--Westlake, I. pp. 332-356--Lawrence, § 221--Phillimore, III. §§ 3-5--Twiss, II. § 5--Taylor, §§ 357-358--Wharton, III. § 316--Moore, VII. §§ 1069-1080--Bluntschli, §§ 488-498--Heffter, § 109--Bulmerincq in Holtzendorff, IV. pp. 30-58--Ullmann, §§ 154-156--Bonfils, Nos. 944-969--Despagnet, Nos. 722-741--Pradier-Fodéré, VI. Nos. 2602-2630--Mérignhac, I. pp. 448-485--Rivier, II. § 59--Calvo, III. §§ 1706-1806--Fiore, II. Nos. 1202-1215, and Code, Nos. 1294-1380--Nys, III. pp. 65-80--Martens, II. § 104--Rouard de Card, _L'arbitrage international_ (1876)--Mérignhac, _Traité théorique et pratique de l'arbitrage_ (1895)--Moore, _History and Digest of the Arbitrations to which the United States has been a Party_, 6 vols. (1898)--Darby, _International Arbitration_, 4th ed. (1904)--Dumas, _Les sanctions de l'arbitrage international_ (1905), and in A.J. V. (1911), pp. 934-957--Nippold, Die _Fortbildung des Verfahrens in völkerrechtlichen Streitigkeiten_ (1907)--Reinsch in A.J. V. (1911), pp. 604-614--Scott, _Conferences_, pp. 188-253--Lapradelle et Politis, _Recueil des arbitrages internationaux_, I. (1798-1855), (1905)--Fried, _Handbuch der Friedensbewegung_, 2nd ed. (1911), pp. 135-184--Morris, _International Arbitration and Procedure_ (1911)--Balch, _International Courts of Arbitration_ (4th ed., with an introduction and additional notes by Thomas Willing Balch, 1912). [Sidenote: Conception of Arbitration.] § 12. Arbitration is the name for the determination of differences between States through the verdict of one or more umpires chosen by the parties. As there is no central political authority above the Sovereign States, and no such International Court as could exercise jurisdiction over them, State differences, unlike differences between private individuals, cannot as a rule be obligatorily settled in courts of justice. The only way in which a settlement of State differences through a verdict may be arrived at is by the conflicting States voluntarily consenting to submit themselves to a verdict of one or more umpires chosen by themselves for that purpose. [Sidenote: Treaty of Arbitration.]