Antiseptic Employment of Powders and Oils 208 INTESTINAL IRRIGATION. CHAPTER I. EFFORTS TO OVERCOME CONSTIPATION WITHOUT SEEKING ITS CAUSE. In the year 1496 an Italian, Gatenaria, invented an appliance for taking an enema; since that time depuratory instruments have had more or less vogue in all civilized countries. Of late years inventive powers have been taxed to construct more convenient and effective appliances, and now perfection has been almost reached, and the poor civilizee, whose habits are really very bad from the savage point of view, may enjoy the delicious privilege of an internal bath whenever he feels the need of it. By any other name this bath is just as purifying: call it irrigation, injection, lavement, clyster, enema--its many names and what they mean testify to the fact that it is for the disease of civilization. The medical profession is really behind the layman in genuine therapeutic measures. It still cares more for the pill-and-powder-prescription-earning fee than for the real health of the patient. When it shall wean itself from its sordid commercialism, it will make the use of the enema a fundamental factor in most forms of therapeutic treatment, and then the enema will become universal. From the origin of the enema to the present day, the layman has not been unmindful of this valuable resource for removing morbid matter from his physiological sewer. The great relief he thus obtained, and the invariably good results that followed its use, established as a necessary toilet article some form of depuratory apparatus in many homes for all time to come.