[180] Fustel de Coulanges saw the necessity of this. In the preface to his _Recherches sur quelques problêmes d'histoire_ (Paris, 1885, 8vo) he announces his intention of presenting his researches "in the form which all my works have, that is, in the form of questions which I ask myself, and on which I endeavour to throw light." [181] Fustel de Coulanges himself seems to have been misled by them: "History is a science; it does not imagine, it only sees" (_Monarchie franque_, p. 1). "History, like every science, consists in a process of discerning facts, analysing them, comparing them, and noting their connections.... The historian ... seeks facts and attains them by the minute observation of texts, as the chemist finds his in the course of experiments conducted with minute precision" (Ibid., p. 39). [182] The subjective character of history has been brought out into strong relief by the philosopher G. Simmel, _Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie_ (Leipzig, 1892, 8vo). [183] This has been eloquently put by Carlyle and Michelet. It is also the substance of the famous expression of Ranke: "I wish to state how that really was" (_wie es eigentlich gewesen_). [184] Cf. pp. 219-23. [185] Curtius in his "History of Greece," Mommsen in his "History of Rome" (before the Empire), Lamprecht in his "History of Germany." [186] It will be enough to mention Augustin Thierry, Michelet, and Carlyle. [187] See P. Guiraud, _Fustel de Coulanges_ (Paris, 1896, 12mo), p. 164, for some very judicious observations on this subject. [188] The classification of M. Lacombe (_De l'histoire considérée comme science_, chap. vi.), founded on the motives of actions and the wants they are intended to satisfy, is very judicious from the philosophical point of view, but does not meet the practical needs of historians; it rests on abstract psychological categories (economic, reproductive, sympathetic, ambitious, &c.), and ends by classing together very different species of phenomena (military institutions along with economics). [189] Ecclesiastical institutions form part of the government; in German manuals of antiquities they are found among institutions, while religion is classed with the arts. [190] Modes of transport, which are often put under commerce, form a species of industry. [191] Property is an institution of mixed character, being at once economic, social, and political. [192] For the history and biography of this movement see Bernheim, _Lehrbuch_, pp. 45-55.