understood to have altered the text of the Scriptures. The works of _Marcion_ have been preserved for the most part in Latin by _Tertullian_. They have recently been collected and restored by Zahn. The Latin translator of Irenæus also belongs, in all probability, to the time of Tertullian, and not to the fourth century. This unknown translator seems to have preserved the Scriptural quotations of Irenæus with greater fidelity than the later Church Fathers who cite them in the Greek. Of Latin writers contemporary with or subsequent to Tertullian, those of most importance for the text of the Old Latin Bible are _Cyprian_, _Hilary of Poictiers_, _Ambrose of Milan_, _Augustine_ and his opponent _Pelagius_, and for the Apocalypse, _Tyconius_ and _Primasius_. From the works of Augustine Lagarde collected no fewer than 29540 quotations from the New Testament in addition to 13276 from the Old. Valuable testimony is also afforded by Syrian and Armenian writers. It is only with their assistance, _e.g._, that it has been possible to restore one of our oldest authorities—the Diatessaron of Tatian—which dates from the second century. (1) Further examples might be adduced of the unreliable nature of manuscripts and printed editions. We find, _e.g._, in the voluminous commentary of the so-called Ambrosiaster,[121] the following note on the quotation in 1 Cor. ii. 9:—“Eye hath not seen, etc.”—“hoc est scriptum in Apocalypsi Heliae in apocryphis.” In place of the last five words, two manuscripts and all the printed editions previous to that of St. Maur—_i.e._ prior to the year 1690—have “in Esaia propheta aliis verbis.”