The only manuscripts are m as for the Gospels, and g and h as for the Acts, h exhibits only fragments of cc. i. and ii., viii. and ix., xi. and xii., and xiv.-xvi. For the Old Latin Biblical Texts edited by Wordsworth and White, see below, p. 131. [Sidenote: Latin Fathers.] On account of the small number of these manuscripts the quotations of the Latin Fathers are valuable, especially those of _Cyprian_ of Carthage,[99] and after them the recently discovered citations in _Priscillian_, who was the first to suffer death as a heretic in the year 385. In the Apocalypse we have the quotations of _Primasius_, Bishop of Hadrumet (ca. 550), who used in his commentary on the Apocalypse not only his own Old Latin Bible but also a revised version the same as that used by the African Donatist _Tyconius_. In attempting to classify these witnesses it was found that the text of certain manuscripts coincided with that of the Bible used by Cyprian—viz., in the Gospels k especially, in Acts h, and in the Apocalypse Primasius and h. This family has accordingly been designated the =African=. _Tertullian_, a still earlier African Father, undoubtedly refers to the existence of a Latin Version in his time, but the quotations found in his Latin works cannot be taken into account, for this reason, that in citing the New Testament he seems to have made an independent translation from the Greek for his immediate purpose.[100] As for the quotations in Augustine, they are found to resemble the text of f and q in the Gospels, particularly the former, and that of q, r, and r_{3} in the Epistles. To this group, therefore, the name =Italian= has been given. It has, however, been deemed necessary to regard this Italian family as being itself a revised and smoother form of a still earlier version styled the =European=, which is thought to be represented by g, g_{2}, and s in the Acts, by ff in the Epistles, and by g in the Apocalypse. [Sidenote: Old Latin Texts.] As illustrating the way in which the various forms deviate from each other, take the text of Luke xxiv., verses 4, 5, 11, and 13 as exhibited by a b c d e f and the Vulgate (vg). v. 4.—All the seven agree in the opening words, Et factum est dum; but after that there follows:— (1) stuperent a c, mente consternatae essent b, vg; mente consternatae sunt e, aporiarentur d, haesitarent f. (2) de hoc a c f, de facto b, de eo d, de isto e, vg. (3) ecce a c d f, vg; et ecce b e. (4) viri duo a f, duo viri b c d e, vg. (5) adstiterunt a f, astiterunt c, adsisterunt d, steterunt b e, vg. (6) iuxta illas a f, secus illas b c e, vg; eis d. (7) in veste fulgenti a f, vg; in veste fulgente b c e, in amictu scoruscanti d. (8) v. 5: timore autem adprehensae inclinantes faciem ad terram a; cum timerent autem et declinarent vultum in terram b e f, vg; conterritae autem inclinaverunt faciem in terram c; in timore autem factae inclinaverunt vultus suos in terra d.