Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of ViennaFreud, Sigmund
Science
Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis : $b a course of twenty-eight lectures delivered at the University of Vienna
Freud, Sigmund
Psychoanalysis
I think that it will be in agreement with the doctrines of general
pathology to assume that such a development involves two dangers; first,
that of _inhibition_, and secondly, that of _regression_. That is to
say, owing to the general tendency to variation in biological processes
it must necessarily happen that not all these preparatory phases will be
passed through and completely outgrown with the same degree of success;
some parts of the function will be permanently arrested at these early
stages, with the result that with the general development there goes a
certain amount of inhibited development.
Let us seek analogies to these processes in other fields. When a whole
people leaves its dwellings in order to seek a new country, as often
happened in earlier periods of human history, their entire number
certainly did not reach the new destination. Apart from losses due to
other causes, it must invariably have happened that small groups or
bands of the migrating people halted on the way, and settled down in
these stopping-places, while the main body went further. Or, to take a
nearer comparison, you know that in the higher mammals the seminal
glands, which are originally located deep in the abdominal cavity, begin
a movement at a certain period of intra-uterine development which brings
them almost under the skin of the pelvic extremity. In a number of males
it is found that one of this pair of organs has remained in the pelvic
cavity, or else that it has taken up a permanent position in the
inguinal canal which both of them had to pass through on the journey, or
at least that this canal has not closed as it normally should after the
passage of the seminal glands through it. When as a young student I was
doing my first piece of scientific research under v. Brücke, I was
working on the origin of the dorsal nerve-roots in the spinal cord of a
small fish, still very archaic in form. I found that the nerve-fibres of
these roots grew out of large cells in the posterior horn of the grey
matter, a condition which is no longer found in other vertebrates. But
soon after I discovered that similar nerve-cells were to be found
outside the grey matter along the whole length to the so-called spinal
ganglion of the posterior roots, from which I concluded that the cells
of this ganglion had moved out of the spinal cord along the nerve-roots.
Evolutionary development shows this too; in this little fish, however,
the whole route of this passage was marked by cells arrested on the way.
Closer consideration will soon show you the weak points of these
comparisons. Therefore let me simply say that we consider it possible
that single portions of every separate sexual impulse may remain in an
early stage of development, although at the same time other portions of
it may have reached their final goal. You will see from this that we
conceive each such impulse as a current continuously flowing from the
beginning of life, and that we have divided its flow to some extent
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