What Artificial Light has done for Man.--Its Condition before the Nineteenth Century.--Experiments of Dr. Clayton, Hon. R. Boyle, Dr. Hales, Bishop Watson, Lord Dundonald, Dr. Rickel, and William Murdock in Eighteenth Century.--1801, Le Bon Makes Gas, Proposes to Light Paris.--1803, English Periodicals Discuss the Subject.--1806, Melville of Newport, U. S., Lights House and Street.--1817, First Lighthouse Lit by Gas.--The Beaver Tail on Atlantic Coast.--Parliament in 1813, London Streets Lit in 1815, Paris, 1820, American Cities 1816-25.-- Gas Processes.--Chemistry.--Priestley and Dalton.--Berthollet, Graham, and Others.--Clegg of England and his Gas Machines.-- Art Revolutionised by Invention of Water Gas, 1823-1847.-- Donovan, Lowe, White.--T. S. C. Lowe, Anthracite Process, 1873.--Competition with Electricity.--Siemens’ Regenerative System.--The Generators, Carburetors, Retorts, Mixers, Purifiers, Meters, Scrubbers, Holders, Condensers, Governors, Indicators, Registers, Chargers, Pressure Regulators, etc.-- Portable Gas Apparatus.--Argand Burners.--Acetylene Gas.-- Calcium Carbide.--Magnesium.--Bunsen Burner and Welsbach Mantle. 450 CHAPTER XXXI. POTTERY, PLASTICS, PORCELAINS, STONEWARE, GLASS, RUBBER, CELLULOID. Brickmaking from the Earliest Ages to Nineteenth Century.-- Pottery, its Origin Unknown.--Its Evolution.--Women the First Inventors in Ceramic and Textile Arts.--Progress of Man Traced in Pottery.--Review of Pottery from Time of Homer to the Wedgwood Ware of Eighteenth Century.--Labour-Saving Devices of Nineteenth.--Operations in Brickmaking and Machinery.--The Celebrated Pug Mill, the Pioneer.--Moulding and Pressing.-- Drying and Burning.--The Slow Growth of Methods.--Useful Contrivances never wholly Supplanted.--Modern Heat Distributors.--Hoffman’s Kilns.--Wedgwood’s Pottery in Eighteenth.--Siemens’ Regenerators in Nineteenth, and other Kilns.--Susan Frackelton’s.--The Filter Press.--Chinese and French Porcelains--Battam’s Imitations of Marbles and Plaster Moulds.--Faience.--Porcelain Moulding and Colours.--Atomisers and Backgrounds.--Rookwood Pottery and Miss Fry.--Enamelled Ware.--Artificial Stone.--Modern Cements.--Glass the Sister of Pottery.--The Inventors of Blowing, Cutting, Trimming by Shears and Diamond Cutting, Ancient and Unknown.--Glass Windows and Mirrors Unknown to the Poor Prior to Eighteenth Century.-- The Nineteenth Century the Scientific Age of Glass.--Its Commercial Development.--Crystal Palace of 1851.--Description of Modern Discoveries.--Materials.--Colours and Faraday’s Discovery in 1824.--Gaffield’s Extensive Experiments in Producing Colours.--The German Glass Works at Jena of Abbe and Schott.--Methods Followed for Different Varieties.-- Machines for Different Purposes.--Cut Glass and other Beautiful Ware.--Cameo Cutting.--Porcelain Electroplating.-- Rubber, History of, in Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth