HOISTING, CONVEYING, AND STORING. Drudgery of Ancient Times Relieved by Modern Inventions.-- The Labour of Men and Beasts now Done by Steam Giants.-- Labour-Saving Appliances for Transportation.--Tall Buildings and Elevators.--Evolution Slow until 19th Century.--Carrying of Weights.--The Pyramids.--Modern Methods.--Ship-Loading.-- The Six Ordinary Powers Alone Used until the Time of Watt.-- Elevator Mills of Oliver Evans.--The Hydraulic Press of Bramah.--The Lifting of Tubular Bridge by Robt. Stephenson.-- Compressed Air Elevator of Slade.--Counterbalance Lifts of Van Elvean.--Modern Elevator of Otis, 1859.--Steam-Water.-- Compressed Air.--Electricity: Elevators, how Controlled.-- Store Service Conveyors.--Pneumatic Transmission: Dodge’s Air Blast Conveyor.--Mode of Switching Conveyors.--“Lazy Tongs” Conveyors.--Buffers.--Endless Cables.--Clutches, Safety.--Labour-Saving Devices and Derangement of Labour.-- In One Sense, Inventions Labour-Increasing Devices. 152 CHAPTER XI. HYDRAULICS. Old as the Thirst of Man.--Prehistoric Inventions.--China.-- Pliny’s Record.--Egyptian, Carthaginian, Greek and Roman Water Works.--“Pneumatics of Hero.”--Overshot, Undershot, and Breast Wheels, Ancient.--Screw of Archimedes.--Frontinus, a Roman Inspector.--1593, Servière Invents the Rotary Pump.--1586, Stevinus of Holland, Father of the Elementary Science.--Galileo, Torricelli, Pascal, and Sir Isaac Newton in the Seventeenth Century.--Bernoulli, D’Alembert, Euler, Abbé Bossut, Venturi, and Eylewein in the Eighteenth.--Water Distribution then Originated.--Peter Maurice and the London Bridge Pumps.--La Hire’s Double Acting Pump.--Dr. John Allen and David Ramsey of England.--Franklin’s Force Pump.--Water Ram of Whitehurst and Montgolfier.--Nineteenth Century Opens with Bramah’s Pumps.-- Water and Steam.--Pumps the Strong Hands of Hydraulics.--Review of Past Inventions: Pascal’s Paradox.--Turbines of Forneyron.-- Power of Niagara and Turbines there.--Jonval’s.--Euler’s Old Centrifugal Pumps Revived.--Massachusetts and Appold Systems.-- Lowlands of Holland, Marshes of Italy, Swamps of Florida, Drained.--Injectors.--Giffard.--Intensifiers.--Hydraulicising.-- Hydraulic Jack and Cleopatra’s Needle.--Flow of Cold Metal.-- Lead Pipe Made, and Cold Steel Stretched by Water Pressure.-- Cotton Presses, Sir Wm. Armstrong’s Inventions.--Tweddle and Sir Wm. Fairbairn.--Water Motors.--Baths and Closets.--Results of Modern Improvements.--Germ Theory and Filters. 164 CHAPTER XII. PNEUMATICS AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.