The performance of the Dudley rail so impressed Mr. William Buchanan, Superintendent of Motive Power for the New York Central Railroad that in 1889 he planned his famous passenger engine, No. 870, which entered upon active duty in April, 1890. It carried 40,000 pounds upon each of its two pairs of driving wheels, instead of 31,250, as did its heaviest predecessor; its truck bore a burden of 40,000 pounds more; its loaded tender weighed 80,000 pounds, making a total of 100 tons, an advance of forty per cent. beyond the weight of the heaviest preceding engine and tender. Mr. Buchanan’s forward stride has been worthily followed up. Since 1890, passenger locomotives have nearly doubled in the weight borne upon their axles, while tractive power has increased in the same degree. Through express and mail trains have more than doubled in weight, and their speeds have increased thirty to forty per cent. The tonnage of an average freight train has been augmented four to six-fold, with reduction of the crews necessary to keep a given amount of tonnage in motion. This economy is reflected in a reduction of rates which are now in America the lowest in the world, and which steadily fall. In capacity for business united with stability of roadbed, mainly due to stronger and stiffer rails and to adapted improvement in rolling stock, railroad progress in the past fifteen years is equal to that of the sixty years preceding. With rails increased to a weight of 100 pounds to the yard there is shown, even in passing over the joints, an astonishing degree of smoothness as contrasted with the jolting action of rails comparatively low and light. Stiffness of rail reduces the destructive action of service, originally enormous, upon both equipment and track, lowering in a marked degree the cost of maintenance. Size of rail as well as form plays a part in this economy. A passenger train weighing 378 tons has required 820 horse power on 65-pound rails, and but 720 horse power on 80-pound rails, the speed in both cases being 55 miles an hour; it is estimated that with 105-pound rails 620 horse power would have sufficed. In freight service Dudley rails have reduced the resistances per ton from between 7 and 8 pounds to one half as much; a further reduction, to 3 pounds, is in prospect. In passenger service, with rails of unimproved type the resistance at 52 miles an hour is 12 pounds per ton; with Dudley rails this resistance for heavy trains is not augmented when the speed rises to 65 or 70 miles an hour. Dudley rails, and rails derived from their designs, are now in use on three fourths of all the trackage of American railroads, effecting a vast economy. Seventy-five years ago the DeWitt Clinton locomotive and tender weighed only five sixths as much as the main pair of driving wheels, boxes, axle, and connecting rods of the present Atlantic type of engine. That such an engine can haul a heavy train at seventy miles an hour