If a steamer is to have the utmost speed, as the Kaiser Wilhelm II, outlined on page 60, her design will be very unlike that of a vessel required to carry as much cargo as possible at a moderate or low speed, as in the case of the steamship sketched on page 61. The dimensions of the Kaiser Wilhelm II are:--length over all, 706-1/2 feet; beam, 72 feet; depth, 29 feet, 6-1/4 inches; displacement, 29,000 tons; speed, 23-1/2 knots; indicated horse power, 38,000. As we compare with her details of form the general features of our cargo carrier, page 61, we observe in this freighter the full form of its water lines, its almost straight and blunt entrance forward; we also notice that the lower part of the bow has been cut away to avoid a reversal of curves which would create an eddy with its consequent increase of resistance. Further we may remark the squareness of the midship section, which means carrying capacity at its maximum, together with the long parallel middle body, little resisted by the water, ending aft in buttocks and water-lines quickly turned. This is a twin-screw ship: of length 358 feet, 2 inches; beam, 46 feet; draft, 23 feet; depth from shelter deck, 34 feet, 8 inches; displacement, 8,270 tons; speed, 9 to 10 knots. [Illustration: STEAMSHIP KAISER WILHELM II. Length over all, 706 feet, 8 inches. Beam, 72 feet. Draft, 29 feet, 6.3 inches. Displacement, 29,000 tons. Indicated horse-power, 38,000. Speed, 23.5 knots.] [Illustration: TWIN-SCREW CARGO STEAMER. Length, 358 feet. Beam, 46 feet. Draft, 23 feet. Displacement, 8270 tons.] [Illustration: U. S. TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYER. Length over all, 246 feet. Beam, 22 feet, 3 inches. Displacement, 489 tons. Speed, 30 knots.] A good designer has an easy task in drawing lines for a freighter in which the weight of hull, machinery and coals may be only 40 per cent. of the displacement, leaving 60 per cent. for earning space. Contrast this with an Atlantic flyer, where but 5 per cent. may remain for cargo. Here the designer’s problems are difficult indeed, and the chief way out of them is to enlarge his ship as much as he dares, for the bigger his vessel, its form and speed unchanged, the less will be its resistance as compared with displacement. But to an increase of size there are hard and fast bounds; first, those imposed by the shallowness of channels and harbors; while the depth of a ship is thus restricted, its length may be somewhat extended with safety and gain; to increase of beam there are distinct and moderate limits, to overpass them means that the ship will follow the wave contour of a heavy sea so closely as to have a quick, jerky and dangerous motion. [Illustration: Cross-sections of ships] Judgment in Ship Design.