IOLÄUS IOLÄUS AN ANTHOLOGY OF FRIENDSHIP EDITED BY EDWARD CARPENTER [_Second edition, enlarged_] PUBLISHED BY SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & Co. LIMITED HIGH STREET, BLOOMSBURY, LONDON AND BY S. CLARKE AT 41, GRANBY ROW, MANCHESTER MCMVI “_And as to the loves of Hercules it is difficult to record them because of their number. But some who think that Ioläus was one of them, do to this day worship and honour him; and make their loved ones swear fidelity at his tomb._” (_Plutarch_) PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION The degree to which Friendship, in the early history of the world, has been recognised as an institution, and the dignity ascribed to it, are things hardly realized to-day. Yet a very slight examination of the subject shows the important part it has played. In making the following collection I have been much struck by the remarkable manner in which the customs of various races and times illustrate each other, and the way in which they point to a solid and enduring body of human sentiment on the subject. By arranging the extracts in a kind of rough chronological and evolutionary order from those dealing with primitive races onwards, the continuity of these customs comes out all the more clearly, as well as their slow modification in course of time. But it must be confessed that the present collection is only incomplete, and a small contribution, at best, towards a large subject. In the matter of quotation and translation, my best thanks are due to various authors and holders of literary copyrights for their assistance and authority; and especially to the Master and Fellows of Balliol College for permission to quote from the late Professor Jowett’s translation of Plato’s dialogues; to Messrs. George Bell & Sons for leave to make use of the Bohn series; to Messrs. A. & C. Black for leave of quotation from the late J. Addington Symonds’ _Studies of the Greek Poets_; and to Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co., for sanction of extracts from the Rev. W. H. Hutchings’ translation of the _Confessions of St. Augustine_. In cases where no reference is given the translations are by the Editor. E. C. _March, 1902._ CONTENTS _page_ Preface v. I. Friendship-customs in the Pagan and Early World 1 II. The place of Friendship in Greek Life and Thought 39 III. Poetry of Friendship among the Greeks and Romans 65